Global running and competitive status study of Shire plc 187 Essay

Worldwide running and serious status investigation of Shire plc 187 - Essay Example With around 15 brands working under the umbrella of Shire Plc the organization has improved their commercial center as well as broadened their business tasks (Shire, 2014). As of late Biopharmaceuticals Company AbbVie selected assuming control over Shire Plc and after various reevaluations and arrangements between both the associations the arrangement was canceled. The underlying proposal of AbbVie was  £27.3 billion which was then expanded to $54.8 billion (Bennett and Chen, 2014). In any case, given the adjustments in the US Tax Inversion process, AbbVie retreated from the merger procedure for which they should pay a sum of $1.6 billion to Shire Plc as separation charge. Following this adjustment in their key exercises, Shire Plc encountered a precarious fall of 27% in their offer costs (Yahoo Finance, 2014). The objective market of Shire Plc is patients experiencing conduct wellbeing, gastrointestinal issues and other uncommon sicknesses (Shire, 2014). Shire Plc has additionally built up a decent brand an incentive in the market of regenerative prescriptions. The objective markets chose by Shire Plc hold probably the biggest shopper sections in the social insurance and pharmaceutical industry (Angell, 2004). One of the center abilities of the organization is the assorted variety in their client contributions. The intriguing reality about the administration procedure of Shire Plc is that all their business achievement has fundamentally originated from their mergers, acquisitions and partnerships (Market Line, 2014). The capacity to incorporate the different societies with the hierarchical strategic vision has picked up them a special upper hand that gives both expense and separation points of interest over their rivals. Be that as it may, Shire Plc is still to a great extent subject to their Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) drugs for creating market income while different classes, for example, medications identified with Gastrointestinal or Hereditary Angioedema are as yet not ready to

Froebels Idea Of The Importance Of Play Education Essay

Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) is regularly most popular as the conceiver of the Kindergarten framework. He was a German educationist who was raised with a solid Christian religion, which was polar to his educationist thought. His adoration for nature other than gauges overwhelming on his contemplations and religion. He picked up affirmation from his first significant work in 1826 The Education of Human Nature, yet became praised in this manner in life when his kindergarten framework picked up acknowledgment. His musings of kindergarten later flourished in England, America and Australia and his work and considerations in this manner affected Karl Marx. Froebel had confidence in the respectability in everything saying that: â€Å" an imperishable law overruns and administers all things. The balance of this all-controlling law is an all-swarming, living, self witting and hence imperishable trustworthiness. This respectability is God. † He trusted in the respectability of insight and the interconnectedness of all things. Froebel was of the notion that there are characterized periods of diaper days, adolescence, childhood and masculinity. Stage two of youth was what Froebel esteemed the a large portion of import since he felt that at this stage they start to come to footings with the honesty of the presence and get down inquisitive requests about existence. His fear of youth was to such an extent that each child has a genuine piece and is connected to the presence: â€Å" it is, along these lines, with youth that existent guidance starts. At this clasp the head requests more consideration and going to than does the natural stru cture † Froebel trusted in the child as fundamentally great. He said â€Å" the solitary trustworthy review for threatening any imperfections and even shrewdness is to happen the initially great beginnings, the initially great side of the humanaë†â ¦ † his conviction of the implicit integrity of a child identifies with his contemplations that the child ought to be urged to help and instruct themselves in a specific respect. He felt that solitary human possibilities would come to fruition through crafted by the individual. He accepted that â€Å" the expectation of guidance is to advance and steer grown-up male as a witting, accepting and fathoming being in such a way, that divine inside law through his ain individual pick ; guidance must demo him the ways and significances of accomplishing that end. † Froebels ‘ solid conviction that children are obviously originative people and through dramatization they become mindful of their topographic point known to mankind prompted one of his cardinal part of his academic framework, which is that of show. He felt that expands their worry of the earth they live in. Froebel believed that â€Å" show is the most flawless, most strict action of grown-up male at this stage, † and that â€Å" play, along these lines, is the most noteworthy look of human advancement in adolescence, for it altogether is the free look of what is in the child ‘s ‘ mind. † Froebel set this complement on show in Kindergarten with the use of endowments ( play stuffs ) and businesss ( exercises ) . He accepted that universes are fundamentally profitable and originative and through arraigning with the universe, comprehension could bloom. He gave the children a progression of geometrical endowments that were in an arrangement of classs. A blessing was given one at a clasp and the child was left to distinguish its belongingss and opportunities for structure. Here, Froebels thought of honesty was placed into design, as every toy identified with the accompanying in some way, which represents the respectability all things considered and things known to mankind. For outline, the first â€Å" blessing † is a ball. Froebel composes that we ought to be â€Å" concerned just with the ball itself in its most straightforward signifier and in its least difficult dealingss. It might be free, or joined to a twine, and in each occasion it tends to be moved either unreservedly and vaguely or vertically, on a level plane, or sidelong, with notice to given surfaces. Here, figuratively speaking, it goes about as an attendant into the universe of things, following their lineations by its movements, thus stand foring themaë†â ¦should be considered corresponding to the child himself. † as such, the child is allowed to recognize the components of the ball and teach and learn for themselves only by perception and cooperation with the ball. Froebel imagined that â€Å" Every outer item comes to grown-up male with the challenge to discover its tendency and connections † the succeeding blessing after the ball would be the Globe. Its has clear similitudes to the ball, yet for a child, it speaks to another level of anxiety, for delineation its weight implies that it moves in an alternate way to the ball. The Earth did non shun or supplant the ball ; it strengthened the old endowment of the ball. The child would come on through periods of endowments and simultaneously each period of comprehension. Anyway Froebel was sure that â€Å" simply the equivalent advancement of grown-up male at each originating before stage can outcome and pass on roughly equivalent improvement at each wining in this manner stage. † He at long last felt that: â€Å" a toy is anything which is identified with the child as offices to a goal, and which, by making charming hope, calls forward dramatization in which he finds new and continuous pleasance. † The exercises set for the children in Kindergarten included games, vocals and accounts intended to help in centripetal and physical turn of events and socialization. By playing, kids mingle and duplicate adult cultural and monetary exercises as they are a tiny bit at a time drove into the bigger universe of gathering life. This identifies with Froebels ‘ thought of entire child guidance, where the child is being instructed all unit of ammo as a man of society. Froebel accepted that the instructor understudy relationship ought to be one of fairness, non approval and felt that there ought to be a solid impact of the parent and kin on the child ‘s instructive obtaining and maturing. He accepted that the child ought to have an otherworldly guidance each piece great. He states: â€Å" I would teach human presences who with their pess stand established in Gods Earth, in nature, whose authorities venture even into Eden and there look at reality, in whose Black Marias are joined both Earth and Eden, the shifted life of Earth and natureaë†â ¦ † I have examined Froebels thought of the significance of show in kindergarten and in the improvement of the child. I trust it is one of his generally explicit and most vehement components of his instructive framework. Anyway In expressing that term from the request, it raises a couple of employments. Instructional method regularly alludes to a learning arrangement of an exhaustive program on the most proficient method to teach, though Froebels â€Å" showing strategy † would be non to hold one. He accepted that the child ‘s condition made up the course of study for the guidance and the children would learn themselves in specific manners and comprehend the earth and find things for themselves. He said that: â€Å" aë†â ¦each single researcher adds to, and teams up in, their ain obtaining. † Through this activity it is obvious that Froebel had certain contemplations on youth that started his hypothetical musings on kindergarten, which in this manner grew more to the full into a sort of educating strategy. In choice plainly Froebel was incredibly intrigued by the cardinal figure of the child and their single securing experience, like that of today ‘s kid focused guidance. Froebel at long last accepted â€Å" the imperative worry of the school is non such a long way to go and to pass on an arrangement and assortment of things, for what it's worth to offer conspicuousness to the ever-living trustworthiness that is in all things † Froebels kindergarten framework and his idea of the idea of children are fairly firm in such manners that he permits the child to teach themselves in the location of the kindergarten thought utilization about his blessings and permits the child a specific opportunity to look into the characteristic universe and in twist build up their anxiety of the presence. He needed to create people who were completely adjusted in their guidance and who had certain ethical positions and who were in a way, free personalities. In choice, his general worry and reaso n for kindergarten was that: â€Å" Education at the end of the day, should take grown-up male to an away from of himself, to harmony with nature, to respectability with God. †

the two sides of CPW

the two sides of CPW It so happened that my younger sister got accepted into the Class of 2023 this year. She also happens to be quite a good writer, so we decided to do a dual blog post about our CPW experiences hers as an excited prefrosh, and mine as a jaded East Campus CPW chair. The Build-Up [Ankita] I committed to MIT a couple of weeks ago, so my main goal at CPW was to figure out housing. I thought it would be easy, but seeing the huge variety of events at each dorm was completely overwhelming, so I started creating my schedule pretty much the moment this year’s events leaked :’) Like a true #13, I spent hours creating and revising my schedule, and though I definitely didn’t need to invest so much time and energy in it, I don’t rEaLly regret itâ€"it helped hype me up for everything to come. Thanks to the phenomenon known as the Prefrosh Group Chatâ„¢, I already had a group of friends to plan with. We were pretty meticulous with our scheduling (see: color-coded spreadsheets) and even had a group video call to figure out which events we all had in common (lol yeah we went OFF)Here’s a screenshot of my spreadsheet. I went to 18/33 of the events I put on my schedule sonot bad, I guess? The Build-Up [Nisha] I got elected as one of the three CPW Chairs of East Campus a while back (maybe in January, but I honestly couldnt tell you the exact date because this year has been a blur). Our job is to basically coordinate all of the events that East Campus runs for the prefrosh, which probably sounds a lot easier than it is (and honestly, I thought it would be easier than it was). This involves bugging people to run events, buying them all the stuff they need to run the events, and making sure that things actually happen. Our spreadsheets were notably less exciting than Ankitas, and most of them looked something like this. In the week or so leading up to the actual event, we also had to go on a few shopping trips, including one to a sketchy warehouse where we picked up 65 cases of Yerba Mate (this is the second East Campus event theyve sponsored!) and a Costco trip that maxed out a credit card limit. THE YERB WAREHOUSE document.createElement('video'); https://mitadmissions.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/video-1556001363.mp4 Thursday [Ankita] I arrived at CPW around 10:30 and attended orientation/put my luggage in Burton-Conner, the dorm at which I was staying for the weekend, before RUNNING to the Course 15 Luncheon. I then met up with some friends and briefly went to a couple more housing events as well as Where Will I Live?, the International Dinner at Number 6, and the Admitted Student Welcome. After, I walked around with my orientation group for a bit and then went to Baker Horizons (which wasinteresting) and then Midnight Waffles at Maseeh. Honestly, Day 1 was a bit underwhelming. It might’ve been because I allotted 45 minutes to an hour for certain events that I ended up not spending more than ten minutes at. Food events, quite reasonably, are generally more about socializing than the food itself (I admit to eating chocolate-dipped Oreos alone in a corner once) but it was hard to spend much time with as many people as I’d hoped when everyone is running off to different events. Highlights: Face masks with the squad at 1 am in the Student Center International Dinner at Number 6 (great people and great foodâ€"I wish all the food events I attended were as fun as this) Frilled Cheese With F-Entry Thursday [Nisha] I woke up bright and early along with a fellow CPW chair to start up the grills. Thankfully, it was a beautiful morning that boded well for the rest of the CPW weather theres a longstanding joke that the MIT weather machine is always broken for CPW. Why were we starting up the grills at 8 in the morning? East Campus has a tradition of grilling almost nonstop throughout the ~72 hours that CPW spans. If prefrosh walk by, we always want to have something to offer them more specifically, a delicious Costco burger with all the condiments possible and melted cheese. The East Campus courtyard is a great place to come hang out and chill and have a burger, and we try to wake as many people up in the mornings so that the early rising prefrosh will always have somebody to hang out with at EC. I spent the morning hanging around and making sure things were all set up to run smoothly. At some point, I realized that we had forgotten to buy cheese :P which prompted one of not two, but  three  Costco trips that we took over the span of 3 days. Other than that, the day only had one major thing go wrong, and it was the strangely popular set a cake on fire event. Apparently to set a cake on fire, you need a LOT of vanilla extract, and the event runner had only requested a single bottle :P after running around distressed for a while (and setting some of the cakes on fire in the oven), we just hoped that a single bottle of extract would work and went for it anyways (it didnt, but it was fine). Fun fact, though: vanilla extract is 70-proof??? All in all, though, the day went pretty well. I collapsed in bed at midnight (super early for me) completely exhausted and not ready to do it all again in the morning, but such is the life of a CPW chair. Highlights: The bee cupcakes event was adorable and the cupcakes were delicious The sweet taste of a Costco veggie burger filling my mouth after so, so long Going to sleep Friday [Ankita] ankita w/ MIT mirchi Friday was where things started to pick up. I had a Wholesome Breakfast of barbeque chips before going to BC Field Day and then Bolly and Boba with Mirchi, MIT’s amazing Bollywood fusion dance team. After picking up some swag at the Academic Expo, I hung out in McCormick with some friends until Taste of Cambridge (long live Insomnia Cookies) and Charades Against Humanity in Burton-Conner, which was exactly what it sounds like and definitely one of my favorite events. academic expo My friend group hung out at Taste of New for a bit before migrating to S’mores at Maseeh. We didn’t really participate in the eventâ€"we just sat in a giant circle talkingâ€"but it was still one of my favorite experiences of CPW. Old Town Road played twicebless maseeh courtyard I spent the rest of the night exploring campus, hanging out with friends, and getting food (shoutout to the Clover on Mass Ave for being open 24 hours a day) Highlights: Charades Against Humanity Chilling at Maseeh Seeing Nisha in her Blogger shirt uwu Friday [Nisha] Another day of CPW, another alarm set at 7:45 am. I dragged myself out of bed to light the grills, but was met with a slightly concerning issue around 8:45 am: our 9 am event runner was nowhere to be seen, and prefrosh were already starting to gather in surprisingly large groups. It turns out that said event runner had stayed up till 5 am doing her taxes, and was rightfully too tired to run her event. What ended up happening was an impromptu display of East Campus spirit when everything is on fire (figuratively, sometimes literally), everybody pitches in to help. We had the prefrosh help us make the batter for the promised crepes and pancakes, and also had them help us make the aforementioned breakfast foods in the kitchen. We somehow managed to meet the demands of the enormous group of prefrosh who had gathered for crepes and pancakes with batter (so much batter) to spare. Shoutout to that one frosh who was really good at making crepes. We also had a brunch for parents and gave tours afterwards, and man, am I ever tired of giving tours. I must have given four or five parent tours during CPW, and this doesnt include the tours I gave the prefrosh. Parent tours are a little hard because we have to censor ourselves to some extent, and the questions that they ask can sometimes be really obvious and frustrating. Like, yes, this dorm is co-ed, just like pretty much all the dorms at MIT??? :P Other than that, I pretty much just ran around micromanaging the whole day. I managed to rack up around ~15000 steps just from being on my feet the whole day, which was impressive. Highlights: Catching a flying wad of whipped cream in my mouth not once, but twice, to the applause of many impressed prefrosh (lol) Wearing my stupid blogger shirt with my face on it   Taking a quick trip with Jack Florey Saturday [Ankita] An hour of sleep later, I was speed walking to Anime Karaoke. It ended late, so I went directly to the Activities Midway, which was really fun and helpful; I spent the full two hours there visiting the booths and watching all the performances. the taekwondo team at activities midway Later, I went to the Mocha and Ridonk Workshop, which was absolutely amazing. I was super excited to check out the dance scene at MIT and the workshop confirmed that I have a lot to look forward to in fall!! the CPW closing show The sleep deprivation really kicked in after the Closing Show. I left Poker Night early to sleep but instead found myself slumped in a corner of C3 having a very healthy dinner of brownies and Oreos at Fondue Night (yikes). I felt gross and tired and decided to go to bed at 10:30, but after changing into pajamas and taking out my contacts, I checked my phone and saw that my friends were about to go party hoppingso I put my contacts back in, y e e t e d myself into my thigh high boots from hell and RAN to Maseeh to meet up with everyone. Was it worth it? tbh, yes. After checking out the parties, we went to the lounge on Conner 5 and spent the next three-ish hours playing Sporcle and Contact. I passed out face down on a beanbag for an hour and then walked to the Harvard Bridge to see the sunrisebut rip, it was cloudy :( Still pretty, though! cloudy sunrise over the charles Highlights: All the dancing! Rope swinging to Electric Love by BØRNS in East Campus 3 thicc squirrels Saturday [Nisha] By the third day in a row of waking up at the asscrack of dawn to light the grills, I was fairly sleep deprived, grumpy, and distressed at the fact that I hadnt done any work in the last three days. Like, seriously. Zero work. I had even skipped mandatory classes :P But thankfully, Saturday turned out to be a glorious day. It was the day of the East Campus signature event. This year, Admissions asked all the dorms to put on a signature event that best represented the culture and feel of each dorm, and we chose to throw an East Campus carnival, complete with a bounce house, a rope swing, spinning arts and juggling, and spray painting the yurt that several upperclassmen had been building since Thursday. Since I hadnt been in charge of the signature event, I took the day to chill out and ignore my responsibilities instead of running around panicking. I took the opportunity to pick up a spinning staff for the first time and play around with it for a few hours, and found that I really enjoyed it. I might continue on with it next year if I have the time. Saturday was genuinely one of the best days that Ive had in a very, very long time it was great to see all of East Campus come out and ignore their psets and responsibilities to hang out in the courtyard together. It was a gorgeous day spent surrounded by friends, and it was wonderful. Highlights:   The BOUNCE HOUSE The moment when you swing down for the first time on the rope swing The Japanese Student Union takoyaki event where I binged myself on Japanese snacks Getting a staff trick right Summary i guess?? [Ankita] CPW was a tumultuous, overwhelming, glorious, and honestly kinda surreal?? 3.14ish days. I ate sooo much unhealthy food (but walked 45 miles), met tons of wonderful and unique people, and definitely figured out which dorms are right for me ;)) I’m so grateful to all the upperclassmen (especially my lovely host) for offering such great advice and helping make my experience so amazing!! If I were to do anything differently, I’d… embrace spontaneity. planning how long I’d spend at food events was a big ol’ waste of time HYDRATE. not wear uncomfortable shoes, obviously (pray for my feet) But that’s pretty much it! Removing CPW 2019 from my Bookmarks Bar feels like the end of an era :( can’t wait to be in Nisha’s shoes in a couple years! notice the drastic increase @ CPW Summary [Nisha] Overall, Id like to say my experience as a CPW Chair was positive I liked the chance to be able to represent my community and do good things for it. Unfortunately, I guess I had been expecting it to be a rewarding experience, which it wasnt really. But hearing the positive comments about East Campus from the parents and the students reminded me that somebody had to do my job, and I think I did a pretty good job of doing it. So alls well that ends well, I suppose. I was glad when Sunday afternoon swung around and all the prefrosh were finally gone, and I could settle down for a nap and a session of binge watching Season 7 of Game of Thrones in preparation for the season premiere. To finish off this post, heres a great picture of Simmons that Ankita took. And, soon to be officially truewelcome, class of 2023! Welcome to MIT, class of 23!

Fraud A Broad Spectrum Of Individuals At Any Time

Fraud can affect a broad spectrum of individuals at any time. Companies and consumers are losing billions of dollars every year. The effects of such deceptions can way heavily on companies and consumers. Fraud can be committed in many different ways. It can range from employee embezzlement to email scams. With increasing frequency, fraud continues to occur. No matter what the news reports, without proper controls; fraud will still occur. Proper controls and training need to be put in place at companies and individuals need to have the tools readily available to know what types of fraud can occur and how to prevent it. The purpose of this paper is to show how the different types of fraud can affect everyone and how to mitigate and report the fraudulent activity. Types of Fraud Fraud comes in many different shapes and sizes. Some involve businesses while others affect consumers. Businesses typically become victims because their internal controls are not strong enough to prevent employees from embezzling money and changing the accounting records to hide the fraudulent activity. Businesses also see fraudulent activities come from vendors that do not provide the services they promise. If either is allowed to continue, over time, the businesses will lose thousands upon thousands of dollars. On the other hand; consumers can become victims of fraud in more types of instances. One of the more common ones is identity theft. â€Å"Identity theft is a term used to describe thoseShow MoreRelatedStrain Theory And Its Impact On Society Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesfurther expanded upon by Robert Agnew (1953) and Robert Merton(1951). General strain theory (GST), which has been expanded upon by theorist Robert Agnew. He says that GST in its simplest form is, â€Å"in dividuals who experience strains or stressors often become upset and sometimes cope with crime. 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Intercultural Communication At An Indian Wedding Ceremony

In reference to chapter 1, the term intercultural communication equates similarly to culture communication around the world. Intercultural communication refers â€Å"to communication between persons who have different cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving.† (DeVito 40) In order to be more aware culturally, a person should open their mind to new experiences and not be afraid to learn more about a person’s culture. For this assignment, I decided to research a culture that has stark differences than mine which was the: Indian Wedding ceremony versus the Traditional American wedding ceremony. Unfortunately, it was hard for me to attend an Indian wedding so I mainly had to do research for this assignment. The main differences between these weddings had to do with: attire, wedding ceremony, and traditions. A traditional â€Å"vivaah†(wedding) ceremony is known for being quite the extravagant event, which includes: vibrant colors, loud music, and exotic food. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPersonality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices

The Importance of Voting Free Essays

Voting is crucial in the progression of our society, good or bad, and our future. The simple act of voting can change the entire United States of America. It can aid in the positive or negative political growth, creating allies with other countries, or simple things such as our rights as the American citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Voting or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to vote, some political background should be present. This eliminates the issue of voting for a certain political party based solely from others beliefs. This knowledge can be obtained from basic research such as articles, novels, and trusted internet websites. Many people decide to vote before they truly know who they are voting for. Some may not even be educated on politics at all. For me what makes it so important is the amendments, we the people have a right to vote. Like the second amendment the right to bear arms there are some out there that want to take that away but to me, I think they’re crazy for insisting that diminishing the use of firearms get rid of some crime issues. Criminals will find a way to get gun, whether it is legal or not, this will only stop the law abiding citizens from the right to carry. I believe that school can setup a system to keep guns out of schools. For me a firearm is is for hunt and protection, what they have been used for many generations. Our veterans had fought for our right to vote for what we believe in. People complain on how things are going in this country but most don’t even vote so the have no right to complain because they’re not trying to vote for what they believe that will make things better for we the people. As far as political growth is considered, many people believe straight Republican or straight Democrat. When someone is elected of a different political party, this creates a divide in our country. During election, when you look at the polls it is easy to notice that certain areas are predominantly one party. If it comes down to it, just a few votes could change the outcome entirely. For example, if your family is straight republican party, yet the democratic party is up in the election, encouraging your family and friends who share a common beliefs as you, can make quite a huge change. On the flip side of the spectrum, if you vote based solely off of what others believe, this could open the door for even a larger amount of dispute between groups. Personally, I was anti- Hillary Clinton from the start due to the fact that she considers herself a Modern Democrat as well as analyzing the way her husband ran our country while in office. Donald Trump not only is a Republican, he also has done many things to impact our economy in a positive way. This is an example of deriving information from trusted sources and voting for a party that I truly agree with. Another reason that it is important to vote is because we need to be able to create relationships with other countries. Our economy runs based off of the trade of goods and services to and from other countries. Having resources available that come from China, Taiwan, and many other countries helps our economy grow stronger. However, due to past electorates, we are very far indebted to China, this is one thing that Trump is working on eliminating. Being in debt to other countries creates conflict which directly leads to war. Voting is necessary to run a country and as a citizen on the United States of America, I believe that it is my duty to ensure that I have voted for the person I believe will run our country properly and effectively. To me, the most important thing that I look for in a possible president is if they have a common political view as me, someone who knows how to create allies with neighboring countries, and most importantly, someone who will not try to eliminate the so called, unalienable rights, guaranteed to citizens. How to cite The Importance of Voting, Papers

The Values Of Human Dignity And Equality †MyAssignmenthelp.com

law Question: Discuss about the Values Of Human Dignity And Equality. Answer: Constitutional Courts understanding of the relation between the values of human dignity and equality in the context of the protection of the constitutional right to equality Inequality persists to be one of the most exigent issues on the agenda of human rights globally. The reason behind the failure to examine the inequality is the formal approach towards the issue which has failed to eradicate the social and economic equality embedded in the in the society. South Africa is in the process of implementing different approach to seek equality, which addresses the issues related to the apartheid legacy and the socio-economic inequality that is prevalent in the South African society. In order to achieve the same, the Constitution of the country rejected formal equality to develop comprehensive interpretation of equality, which is based on the concept of protection of human dignity[1]. The value of dignity may be considered as the foundation stone of the Constitution and for the rights safeguarded by it. This essay purports to assess the perspective of the Constitutional court about the relationship between the human dignity value and equality as a protected r ight in the constitution. South Africa has become one of the nations that have recently adopted dignity as a constitutional right, which is of supreme value, which shall provide the means to adopt the constitutional interpretation. This dignity-based jurisprudence of South Africas Constitutional Court has initiated a lively debate e with respect to the relations of human dignity with other values, in particular, equality and the capacity of dignity to constrain constitutional decision-making. As the Constitutional Court of south Africa is in the process of interpreting equality based on the concept of protection of human dignity, it has been criticized that human dignity is not enough determinate to provide a steady base for equality law[2]. It shall promote an distinctive idea of equality as well. However, if the fundamental developments in the South African Constitution are taken into account, it can be observed that the perception of dignity is deeply embedded in an age-old tradition that is capable of rei nforcing an approach towards equality that shall avert excessive individualism and identifies the relationship between the need of the community and individual. The article set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [UDHR] that human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights have given equality paramount importance in the international human rights agenda almost 20 years ago. Despite being incorporated into several constitutions and other legal instruments, inequality remains disguisedly entrenched in every society[3]. According to (2014), the equality jurisprudence of the Constitutional court in South Africa is worth mentioning. This is because the South African perception can be differentiated firstly by its resilient support of equality as an independent concept and, secondly, by the use of the concept of human dignity that will provide a detailed conception of equality. The fundamental role of human dignity in the interpretation of constitutionally protected right to equality has been recognized in President of the Republic of South Africa v Hugo [1997][4]. In this case, it was stipulated that main purpose of prohibition of unfair discrimination is to recognize that the democratic order and constitution of the country symbolizes founding of a society in which every human beings shall be treated with respect and equal dignity irrespective of their membership in particular groups. The transformative role of the South African Constitution in 1996 purported to create an innovative order, based on equality which has been clearly stipulated in the Constitution under article 9 and has been referred to as well as supported by the Constitutional courts of the country. The section states that every person is equal before the law and has equal rights to receive protection and benefits of the. The citizens are entitled to equal enjoyment of rights and freedoms and every person must safeguard persons subjected to unfair discrimination. Further, the state is prohibited from committing discrimination against any person on the grounds of race, gender, marital status, ethnic or religion, sex, religion, culture, birth and language. In the leading case, Harksen v Lane [1998][5], the Constitutional Court provided a detailed inclusive framework for determining claims with respect to the several provisions of equality. The obligation to provide a firm interpretation of equality extends to the non-discrimination clause, which formed the basis of developing equality jurisprudence, which further clearly expressed the role played by human dignity. In Prinsloo v Van der Linde [1997][6], the Constitutional Court upheld the importance of the role of human dignity in the context of equality jurisprudence. Unfair discrimination primarily implies that exhibiting different treatment to persons in a way that prejudices the fundamental dignity of such persons as human beings who are inherently entitled to equal dignity. Musgrave (2015) argues that this is the point where there no specific legal principles or doctrines instead the court emphasizes on the destruction of dignity. Unfair discrimination refers to the demarcation in treatment that affects the dignity of the individuals. However, if potential impairment of dignity is what the courts are concerned about, then what should form the basis to determine whether the grounds have fulfilled the test of dignity impairment. In the absence of precise description about the issue, small amount of applications have been dealt with by the court involving determination of the grounds. One such instance is the case of Larbi-Odam and Others v Member of the Executive Council for Education (North West Province) and Another [1998][7] where the constitutional court held that different treatment based on the ground of citizenship was sufficient to damage the fundamental human dignity of the individuals. Becker (2015) asserts that if factors like minority status, lack of control over citizenship, absence of political power of non-citizens and the history of disadvantage that was experienced by black individuals, deprived them of citizenship in apartheid legacy in South Africa[8]. However, if such factors are taken into accou nt, it can stated that these may form criteria to determine discrimination or inequality, though the factors are not exhaustive. In the South African context, the outcome of apartheid is substantial. Apart from the disadvantages suffered by the black individuals due to ethnic discrimination imposed under the apartheid legacy, the economic deprivation that was experienced by the individuals was equally significant. Besides, the Constitutional court had also recognized the societal inequality that resulted from apartheid regime and the harmful outcomes of considering certain groups as lesser to other groups during the apartheid regime. In Khumalo v Holomisa [2002][9], the constitutional court explained the underlying conception of dignity. The court stated that the significance of human dignity set out in the constitution is not only concerned with the sense of self-worth of individuals but it also affirms the significance of human beings in the society. The human dignity entails the importance of human beings that is commonly shared by all people along with the personal reputation of every person based upon the individual achievements. The corresponding duty of individuals to accord respect to the other members of the society is inherent and is known as Ubuntu. In other words, ubuntu is the African is a way of life where respect is accorded to human dignity and a person is subjected to equal treatment irrespective of the status of such person in the context of community. The sources of Ubuntu have originated from idioms and it signifies that interdependence of individuals with the other members of the community is fundamental. Ubuntu was expressly referred in the Constitution of 1933 but not in the Constitution of 1966. However, it is stated that notion is impliedly incorporated in the transformative constitution by the frequent reference to human dignity in the constitution. The concept of ubuntu signifies that respect for human dignity and equality are unconditional and core constitutional values that must be promoted by the courts[10]. From the above discussion, it can be stated that in the context of the values based on which forms the basis for the post-apartheid South African state, it is apparent that human dignity has immense significance in transforming the South African society[11]. Although, the incorporation of human dignity into constitutions of nations is not confined to South Africa but the significance of the role of human dignity is intensified by the role allocated to human dignity in the determination of the constitutionally protected right like right to equality. The arguments presented in this essay include the dignity-based-perspective to equality developed by the Constitutional court of the nation is embedded in the form of an conventional tradition which identifies dignity of human as the basis of human rights. This formed the basis to develop a framework for implementing the constitutional right to equality that concentrates on the realities of poverty, divisions and social strife of the South African society. The lack of detailed justification to the concerns related to the relationship between dignity and equality should be elucidated. However, the potentiality of the approach, undertaken lies in the capability move ahead of a shallow commitment with equality in order to resolve the real sufferings experienced due to discrimination or inequality. Bibliography Becker, Anne, Annamagriet De Wet, and Willie Van Vollenhoven. "Human rights literacy: Moving towards rights-based education and transformative action through understandings of dignity, equality and freedom."South African Journal of Education35.2 (2015): 01-11. Cornell, Drucilla.Law and revolution in South Africa: UBuntu, dignity, and the struggle for constitutional transformation. Oxford University Press, 2014. Harksen v Lane [1998] (1) SA 1(CC) Heath-Brown, Nick. "Universal Declaration of Human Rights."The Statesmans Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World(2015): 8-10. Khumalo v Holomisa [2002] (5) SA 401 (CC) Larbi-Odam and Others v Member of the Executive Council for Education (North West Province) and Another [1998] (1) SA 745 (CC) Musgrave, Michael. "African Customary Law in South Africa. Post-Apartheid and Living Law Perspectives by C. Himonga and T. Nhlapo, T.,(eds.). 2015. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa." (2016). President of the Republic of South Africa v Hugo [1997] (4) SA 1(CC) Pretorius, J. L. "Human Dignity: Lodestar for Equality in South Africa, L. Ackermann: book review."Stellenbosch Law Review= Stellenbosch Regstydskrif25.3 (2014): 628-631. Prinsloo v Van der Linde [1997] ZACC 5.

In the Waiting Room Elizabeth Bishop Essay Example

In the Waiting Room Elizabeth Bishop Paper Can you see from this description of her childhood experience any connection between the young Bishop and the poet she will later become? From my reading of the description of Elizabeth Bishops childhood experience, I am able to make many connections between the young Bishop and the poet she will later become. I realized that both experience different types of epiphanies, both clutch to familiarity, perceive the world as a perplexing and terrifying place. In In the Waiting Room young Elizabeth Bishop experiences a peculiar epiphany In which she quickly connects the talk naked women to herself. She realizes that she, too Is a woman and that they are all connected by gender. I think Elizabeth Bishop even from an early sage discovers the harsh truth of reality and that life as a woman will Indeed Include suffering Just like the women With the necks of light bulbs. She notices also that her aunt Console Is In deep pain when an Oh! Escapes her mouth. In Sestina the child also makes connections and experiences her own epiphany she quickly realizes that she must stay strong despite a terrible trauma that has unfortunately happened to her and her family. She has an epiphany and realizes that there is no mint inn crying no matter how terrible the loss is to her. Instead of producing tears, she decides it is time to plant tears and puts all her confusion and sadness in order to create something beautiful. We will write a custom essay sample on In the Waiting Room Elizabeth Bishop specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on In the Waiting Room Elizabeth Bishop specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on In the Waiting Room Elizabeth Bishop specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In The Prodigal also the prodigal experiences an epiphany. He realizes that there is more to life than cleaning out a pig sty plastered [with] glass-smooth dung and learns that there are other dimensions to his life. He knows that no matter what he did or didnt do, he will always be forgiven by those who loved him dearly. For these reasons, I think there are more connections between the young Bishop and the poet she later becomes.

PSAT Practice Testsâ€Updated for New 2015 PSAT

PSAT Practice Tests- Updated for New 2015 PSAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're looking for PSAT practice materials, you've come to the right place. This guide contains all free PSAT materials, which you can download- including 10 PSAT practice test PDFs. Unfortunately, since the PSAT's 2015 makeover, the College Board hasn't released a ton of practice tests. Luckily, though, you can still use old PSAT practice tests effectively to prepare. Before getting to the practice questions, we'll go over some of the changes made to thePSAT in 2015. If you care about your PSAT score, read carefully so you don't waste your time studying the wrong things! How Did the PSAT Change in 2015? Let's start by going over some of the main changes to the PSAT so you'll be able touse older PSAT practice tests with a critical eye. In 2015 the College Board changed the PSAT in an attempt to make it more relevant and useful to students. It's possible they were also trying to addresscriticisms of inequityand find a way to stay competitive with theincreasingly popular ACT. The content on both the PSAT and SATis meant to be evidence-based and grounded in real-world situations. Rather than testing obscure vocabulary and rarely used concepts, the PSAT now reflects the skills and abilities you'll need to succeed in both college and your career. Below, we'll take a closer look at the content and skills changes on each of the three PSAT sections: Reading Writing and Language Math If you're using old PSAT practice questions, it's important to be aware of these changes so that you can ultimately study the right material! PSAT Reading Changes Here is a brief overview of the major changes to the PSAT Reading section: The current PSAT does not have isolated Sentence Completion questions. Instead, it tests more commonly used vocabulary words within the context of passages. Reading passages often include charts, graphs, and/or pictures.You will be asked about the relationship between a passage and the data being represented. You are expected to practice evidence-based reading. You will have to find a specific line in a passage that demonstrates style, tone, point of view, theme, etc. You will also be asked to identify the one or two lines in a passage that helped you answer a previous question. The following official sample question shows how the PSAT will ask about your understanding of a relatively common vocabulary word in the context of a larger passage (passage not shown): PSAT Writing and Language Changes The PSAT Writing and Language section has changed in two key ways: The PSAT now asks youto edit the grammar of sentences within passages, rather than that of stand-alone sentences. Passages on PSAT Writing often includegraphs, pictures, and/or tables. Here's an example of a PSAT Writing questionthat deals with data (graph not shown): PSAT Math Changes Here are some of the main ways the PSAT Math section has changed: PSAT Math questions now relate far more to real-life situations in areas such as business, science, and the social sciences. Grid-in word problems have multiple parts. The Math section focuses far more on algebra and data analysis than it does on geometry. Here’s a sample PSAT Math question from the College Board: Now that you're aware of these major changes, you can adapt your approach as you prepare with practice materials from the last few years. Read on to see the PSAT practice tests,and learn how to use these tests to get a high PSAT score. Bonus: Aiming for a National Merit Scholarship? If you're not sure you can self-study your way to a qualifying PSAT score, you'll love our PSAT prep program, PrepScholar. We designed our program to learn your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics and customize your prep to be as effective as possible for you. When you start with PrepScholar, you’ll take a diagnostic that will determine your weaknesses in over forty PSAT skills. PrepScholar then creates a study program specifically customized for you. To improve each skill, you’ll take focused lessons dedicated to each skill, with over 20 practice questions per skill. This will train you for your specific area weaknesses, so your time is always spent most effectively to raise your score. We also force you to focus on understanding your mistakes and learning from them. If you make the same mistake over and over again, we'll call you out on it. There’s no other prep system out there that does it this way, which is why we get better score results than any other program on the market. Check it out today with a 5-day free trial: Official PSAT Practice Tests (2015-Present, Current Version) The College Board has released bothonline sample PSAT questionsandtwo PSAT practice tests with answer keys. You can download both tests as PDFs along with the scoring guides and answer explanations to use after you finish your practice testing: PSAT Practice Test 1 - Score Your Test- Answer Explanations PSAT Practice Test 2 - Score Your Test - Answer Explanations In addition, the College Board created an online prep program in partnership with Khan Academy. While this program is geared specifically toward the SAT, it can help you prepare for the PSAT, too, since the two tests are so similar. Although free practice materials for the current version of the PSAT arerather limited, you can still find a large number of practice test PDFs for the old version of the PSAT. Find the tests below, and then read on for some tips on how to make the most of both new and old practice tests. Official PSAT Practice Tests (Pre-2015, Old Version) We’ve compiled eight old official PSAT practice test PDFs for you to practice with. Download them here (note that the answer keys are included in the last few pages of each PDF): PSAT Practice Test PDF 1 PSAT Practice Test PDF 2 PSAT Practice Test PDF 3 PSAT Practice Test PDF 4 PSAT Practice Test PDF 5 PSAT Practice Test PDF 6 PSAT Practice Test PDF 7 PSAT Practice Test PDF 8 You can also find decent-quality PSAT questions from Peterson’s, which offers a half-length PSAT test if you create a free account with them. As you know, these older PSAT materials don't reflect the format or content of the current version of the PSAT. However, most still test the same fundamental skills and knowledge. So how can you use these old PSAT questions to get ready for the PSAT? How toUse PSAT Practice Tests Effectively: 3 Key Tips Regardless of whether you're using current or old PSAT practice tests, it's important you know how to use them effectively.Our three tips below can help youmake the most of PSAT practice tests in your prep. #1: Take the Test in a Realistic Environment Part of getting the most out of PSAT practice tests is making them feel like the real deal. On test day, you'll take the PSAT in a quiet classroom with other test takers; therefore, you'll want to find a similar environment to take your practice tests in, such as a library. If you try to take a practice test at a park or at the same time your family's watching TV, you'll likely find it difficult to focus, thereby lowering your score. This score will not be an accurate snapshot of your strengths since you didn't take the test in a realistic environment. Additionally, it's best to take each test in one sittinginstead of spread up over several days. This way, you'll not only get a realistic testing experience but can also get used to the length of the test bybuilding up your test-taking endurance. #2: Abide by Official Time Limits While it's important to take each PSAT practice test in one sitting, it's also important to take the test in accordance with official PSAT time limits.What do I mean by this? Basically, never give yourself more time on any section, as doing so can dramatically raise your score and give you an inflated sense of how you're actually scoring on the PSAT. To help you out, here are the time limits on each section of the PSAT, along with the approximate time you'll have per question: PSAT Section Total Time # of Questions Time per Question Reading 60 minutes 47 77 seconds Writing and Language 35 minutes 44 48 seconds Math No Calculator 25 minutes 17 88 seconds Math Calculator 45 minutes 31 87 seconds The Reading section offers the most time and also has the most questions. Meanwhile, despite the differences in total time and number of questions in the two Math sections, you'll still have around 87-88 seconds per math question (No Calculator and Calculator). The Writing and Language section has the second-highest number of questions (44) but gives you the least amount of time per question (48 seconds), so be sure to work fairly quickly here. Note that it'll be more difficult to replicate these time frames on old PSAT tests since the sections and questions are so different. (We'll talk more about how to use old tests in the following section.) #3: Review Your Answers Once you finish taking a PSAT practice test, it's time to check your answers and score your test. But don't just look at your score and call it a day- take some time to go through all the mistakes you madeand figure out what your biggest weaknesses are. The best way toreview your mistakes is to record the types of questions you got wrong, as well as the specific mistakes you made, in a "mistakes" journal. For example, if you missed an algebra problem, you'd write "algebra" as the question type and the specific reason you think you got the question wrong, such as "forgot formula." Make sure to use your test's answer guide to help you figure outwhy you might've missed certain questions. After you've gone through your test, look at your mistakes journal to determine whether there are any patterns to your mistakes. For instance, do you typically struggle withevidence-based Reading questions? Math word problems? Writing questions dealing withfragments and run-on sentences? Once you know what your weaknesses are, you can then customize your PSAT prep to focus more on honing the skills that are most challenging for you. How to Make the Most Of Old PSAT Practice Tests Although many official PSAT tests are outdated, they're certainly notuseless. In fact, these old ones test many of the same reading comprehension, grammar, and math problem-solving skills you'll need for the current PSAT. To make the most of these older official practice tests, you just have to shift your focus toward the skills that are still relevant while ignoring questions that no longer matter. Here are our seven tips for doing this effectively: Focus on evidence-based Reading:The current PSAT is all about using evidence and context to find an answer.If a set of passage-based Reading questions asks you about tone, style, or argument, don’t just try to look for the right answer among the options you're given. Instead, find the specific line in the reading passage that provesyour answer is right. Ignore Sentence Completion questions:You'll no longer encounter these questions on the PSAT, so just skip them entirely. Shift gears with vocabulary: Practicedetermining meaning through context, and make sure you understand subtleties of connotation. Focus on structure and organization:The current PSAT tests your understanding of the structure and organization of whole passages rather than that of stand-alone sentences. Therefore, as you’re reading a passage, take notes on its organization and make sure you understand its main and supporting ideas. Pay attention to graphs, tables, and charts:Try to understand the data and information represented in graphs. If there's no accompanying passage, trywriting your own paragraph to describe the information. On the flip side, consider how the data presented in a passage could be represented visually. For practice, useproblems from your math/science classes, as well as data interpretation questionsfrom the ACT Science section. Choose your math problems: Focus onalgebra, data analysis, and word problems,and spend far less time on geometry. Since the current PSAT involves multi-step grid-in problems, be sure to write out all the steps you take to answer a question. Also, remember the age-old adage: show your work. Learn the grammar rules tested:Both the old and current PSAT testsimilar grammar rules. Be sure to learnthese, as you'll need to be able to recognize grammatical errors in context. How Else Can You Prepare for the PSAT? Since the PSAT is so similar to the SAT, materials for the SAT are good practice. The PSAT is also very similar to the ACT, so ACT prep can be helpfulas well. Another tip is to challenge yourself in your classes. Develop advanced reading and writing skills by reading a variety of genres and writing frequently. In your math and science classes, focus on data analysis and work on your ability to interpret or represent data in graphs, charts, tables, etc. All of this preparation will not only help you get a high PSAT score, but will also help youget ready for theSAT. Since both exams are meant to test and sharpen your real-world reasoning skills, this kind of preparation should behelpful forall kinds of problem-solving in your day-to-day life. What's Next? High scorers on the PSAT might qualify for National Merit.Learn what it takes to becomea National Merit SemifinalistandNational Merit Finalist, as well as how towin the scholarship. Are you wondering whether to take the PSAT before your junior year? Check out these guides to consider whether you should take the PSAT as a freshman or sophomore. Are you curious about how the PSAT compares with the SAT? Read this complete guide to the SAT and learn all about the test. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also feature thousands of practice questions, 10 official SAT practice tests, and personal feedback on your essays from an expert instructor. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Residential Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Residential Law - Case Study Example The Council had instructed its employee, Sam, to carry out this work. (Although not specifically mentioned in the judgment, it was assumed that Hazel Khan was expected to pay for this report in the charges made to him by the Southwark Council.) The report to be prepared by Sam should diligently disclose the presence of any settlement cracks between the flat and later extension, which might reduce the value of the flat. Any devaluation in price of flat can be claimed by Hazel Khan. Sam has to declare the current solvability status of the Southwark Council. The Council's professional indemnity insurance has to be valid at all times for any future insurance claim. The Mortgage report to be supplied to Hazel Khan must be in a form which should include all references to Southwalk Council, although Hazel knew that the report had been prepared by a hired and independent valuer. Hazel Khan has the option to rely on this report or may arrange for another independent survey of the property if he chooses to do so. Hazel Khan has the right to criticize any breached a duty of care which the Council owed him in his personal capacity. Sam should accept that Hazel would place reliance upon his report. In order to hold Hazel personally liable in anyway, Hazel had to show that he had assumed responsibility towards the report in his personal capacity. Sam has to bear allegiance that his duty was not to Hazel, but to the Council which employed him and it was on the Council alone that Hazel had relied. It was the Council that had assumed responsibility to Hazel, not he. The report should be cited similar with the case of Yianni v. Edwin Evans & Sons [1982] QB 438, where a firm of valuers and surveyors, engaged by a building society to value a property for mortgage purposes, had been held liable to the purchasers in negligence, despite the purchasers ignoring a recommendation in the mortgage application form that they arrange an independent survey. Another case to cite is in the combined cases of Smith v. Bush and Harris v. Wyre Forest District Council [1990] 1 AC 831. The only real distinction between the present case [Harris] and the case of Yianni is that the valuation was carried out by an in-house valuer. This valuer is discharging the duties of a professional man whether he is employed by the mortgagee or acting on his own account or is employed by a firm of independent surveyors. The essence of the case against him is that he as a professional man realised that the purchaser was relying on him to exercise proper skill and judgment in his profe ssion and that it was reasonable and fair that the purchaser should do so. Sam has to owe a consistent duty of care and Hazel to rely on professional valuer just as in Yianni and Harris where the plaintiffs never even saw the valuation report. But they are to be taken to have relied on the professional skill and care of the individual person who carried it out. It is made clear that a professionally qualified person giving advice may owe a duty of care to an effective recipient of that advice in addition to the duty owed to their employers. This has to be confined strictly to those who may be termed professionally qualified people as in the case of Sam and Hazel, because it would depend on the full circumstances in which advice was given, rather than to any label appropriate to the adviser. In any

International Study-1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Study-1 - Assignment Example In this regard, it can be stated that Japan as well as the United States have become the world’s largest net international borrower during this stage. Moreover, it has also been revealed that the trend of foreign direct investment have also rapidly increased among the emerging European countries. With regards to determining the positive impacts of foreign direct investment on an economy, it is highly essential to identify the favorable factors, which may affect the political and financial conditions and growth of the economy in terms of encouraging more investments (Drezner 53-78; Markey and Ravenswood 1-26). However, the trend of foreign direct investment has completely changed during the early 21st century. In this regard, it can be asserted that foreign direct investment has improved the opportunities for larger organizations as well as multinational enterprises in terms of its scale and scope. At the same time, it can also be claimed that increased tendency of foreign direct investment has initiated competitive advantage among the global players. Moreover, it has also assisted multinational enterprises to perform their extensive and cross border business operations effectively in the global market (Drezner 53-78; Markey and Ravenswood 1-26). In this assignment, the objective is to identify the impact of the foreign direct investment on receiving countries in terms of positive and negative aspect. At the same time, the study will try to identify the effect of the foreign direct investment on the global multinational enterprises. Moreover, the study will also help in recognizing the performance of the economy in terms of micro as well as macroeconomics. Foreign direct investment has assisted developing countries’ to improve their economic performance in the global market context by improving trade. In this regard, it has been perceived that foreign direct investment has influenced the performance of the multinational

Current And Traditional Approaches To Motivation Business Essay

Current And Traditional Approaches To Motivation Business Essay In this dissertation paper I am going to provide a definition of motivation, describe and explain the differences between current and traditional approaches to motivation and identify and describe all motivation theories including content, process and reinforcement theories. I am going to explore the way motivation influences performance and explore ways in which managers can create a sense of meaning and importance for employees within their working environment. ACKNOWLEGMENTS In this paragraph I have the need to express my deepest gratitude to all the people that in one way or another contributed in the gathering of information and successful completing of this dissertation paper. First of all I would like to thank my tutor please state the name of your tutor, whose constant advising and guiding has offered me wealth of knowledge and support throughout my years of study. I would also like to thank my internship and at the time work supervisor, for showing me that theory can be put into practice and even though there might be difficulties in applying academic theories, results compensate for all the effort that is put in these actions. Last but not least I would like to thank my parents that offered me the opportunity to continue my studies at this academic level and have supported my efforts, both morally and financially, throughout all my years of study. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Motivation is not a new managerial or leaders tool. It has been used for years and therefore a number of motivation theories exist, current and traditional ones. However applying motivational theories in practice makes us come across difficulties that have to do with each individual employee. Personality, needs and goals are factors to take under consideration before applying any motivational theory to a group of employees in order to make sure that positive results with derive from this effort. Daily change makes its appearance due to either market switches or technological achievements. Every industry faces changes and in most cases senior employees become outdate and reduce their productivity. Younger and more energetic employees become their managers, leaving them with no other personal goal rather than to wait for their retirement. So companies have come to a point where, what used to be once the most productive part of their manpower stop producing. Even if the new employees fill the gap of the reduced production (or sales) the company still is at loss and that has to be corrected. During this effort to produce a realistic and actual solution to this problem, I came across the strongest limitation I could ever encounter. Motivation, as well as all the factors it involves cannot be observed directly. All theories and their evaluation derive from the final outcome of a persons actions. However our observation of that result makes the steps followed previously seem rational and make sense. But it is not until the final result is measured that we actually know if the method used was the correct one or the most efficient one. So, in order to provide a solution I am going to present the data collected from my research and attempt an analysis that will offer a number of proposed solutions. I can not claim that this paper includes new motivational theories and concepts. However, I believe that it depicts, analyzes and offers solutions to a major problem of out time. The motivation Concept Motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. Richard L. Daft, 2006. Every day, from the very morning we wake up, we are involved into actions. We go to school, or to work, we have a certain behavior, but it is very rare for as to question the reason behind, us liking some activities more than others. For instance why do we enjoy one class more, or certain projects at work bring out the best of us. However our behavior is always motivated by something. The following table will help us indentify what hides behind our behavior. Model of Motivation. Source Modified from Games H. Donnely, James L. Gibson, and john M. Ivancevich, Fundamentals of Managemnet, 3rd edition, p. 185, 1978, by Business Publications, Inc. The needs we feel depend on our recent activity. For example, some one who is attenting a dinner event and has just eaten, may not feel hungry but yet wishes to communicate and entertain. On the other hand someone who is just returning from work and had no meal during the day, is hungry and probably has no mood for social interraction until he/ she eats. So, what we want (our goals) depends on our approaches to satisfying our needs. Let us not forget that the approach to satisfying ones need may seem logical to the person involved, but strange to someone who has other needs to fulfill. The next step is to follow a certain behavior that will lead to reaching our goals. This effort might tow different outcomes. One is the goals achievement which gives feedback that the behavior used to satisfy the needs is succesful. However a continious effort with no success will bring frustration, in which case the person involved may either try a new constructive behavior (actually involves new search behavior, goal indentification and goal-directed behavior). If again numerous efforts do not succeed, psychological defense is put to use, meaning that the person involved avoids thinking and feeling of the need even though it is not fully or at all fulfilled. When a goal is achieved a person received a sort of reward, that indicate that the behavior followed was the appropriate one and is to be used again in the future. There are two types of rewards. The instrinsic reward, which derives within the person involved and has do more with the sense of self fulfillment. And the extrinsic reward, which is given by a third person a supervisor or manager and could be a promotion, or bonus. Both types of rewards are important for an employee. Successful managers help their employees reach their intrinsic reward, while offering them extrinsic rewards too. It has been observed that the most innovating and high performance employees are the ones that find reward in the work itself. It is only natural to conclude, enen though studies have also proven it so, that employee motivaton leads to high performance nad increases productivity and profits. motivation approaches There are four motivation approaches and the managers form the way they use motivation and rewards according the motivation approach they choose to follow. The Traditional Approach Frederic W. Taylor was the first who studied employee motivation in order to increase their work efficiency. The rewards of this approach are only financial. The employee is paid more according the to quality and quantity of the work produced. The Human Relations Approach The human resource approach takes a step further that the traditional approach. For the first time employees were studied as people and managers tried to provide rewards that covered social needs as well, which seemed more important that economic rewards. The Human Resource Approach This approach brings the two previous approached to a new level. This theory actually identifies employees as complex human beings that can be motivated in more than one way. According to the human resource approach, working a vital activity for every person. This is the basis of the contemporary approach. The Contemporary Approach Three types of theories dominate the contemporary approach. The content theories point out the employees needs and help managers identify them and fulfill them in the working environment. Process theories are focused on the behavior the employees embrace in order to reach rewards within the work place. The third and final are the reinforcement theories that focus on how employees are going to be trained into a certain type of behavior, within their working environment that will lead them to the desired result and thus the reward as well. Content theories on motivation Understanding what motivates employees is a key aspect of management and can assist in achieving high performance standards and organizational development. Content theories seek to identify what people need at work and additionally how they try to meet these needs. Managers need to understand the variety of needs employees are trying to fulfill and design work in such way as to help them satisfy these needs but at the same time reach organizational goals as well. So, this theory focuses on the needs that drive employees. People have all sorts of needs, at one time or another, from basic needs such as food and clothing to achievement and money rewards. Content theories help identify the needs that act as motivators and make people adopt behaviors that will lead them to fulfill these needs. So, all management has to do is to design jobs that will meet theses needs and promote desired work behaviors. The Hierarchy of Needs Theory Developed by Abraham Maslow, the hierarchy of needs theory may be the most famous theories and identifies that people have multiple needs which are put in hierarchical order. According to Maslow human needs form a pyramid, at the base of the pyramid are most basic human needs, also knows are physiological needs. They involve eating food, drinking water, breathing air. Within a working environment these needs represent salary to ensure survival as well working condition up to sufficient heat and air supply. Just above are the safety needs that represent the needs for a safe and secure environment. Following are the belongingness needs and they include the need of feeling part of a group, having good relations with other co workers and generally being accepted as a team member. Then come the esteem needs that mainly have to do with receiving recognition and positive attention, being appreciated and motivated by receiving praise, promotion and more responsibilities. Last come the self actualization needs that represent the need for self fulfillment. Within an organization self actualization is reached when employees are provided with opportunities for growth, creativity and training. According to Maslow the needs at the base of the pyramid must be met, before the one at the top are satisfied. Once one level of needs is satisfied then the person seeks to fulfill the next in hierarchy level of needs. The ERG Theory The ERG theory is a modification of the needs hierarchy that proposes three categories of need: existence, relatedness and growth. (Richard L. Daft, 2006). This theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer that actually modified Maslows theory. He simplified the needs and set the tree below categories: Existence needs, are the needs of physical well being that include food, water, air, heat, safety and so on. Relatedness needs, are the needs to have relationship with others. Growth needs, are needs that focus mainly on a persons development. This theory also suggest that when an employee fails to fulfill a higher level need, as the need of personal growth, then turns back and focuses on an already fulfilled need, as the need to earn more money. This theory explains why companies are working so hard in order to find ways to show recognition and encourage participation of employees in decision making. The reason is that employees that contribute ideas and feel appreciated feel valued, loyal and motivated. It is also important to note that when an employees idea is actually implemented the positive affect of motivation influences not only the employee involved but the entire work force, that sees hope for their efforts to be recognized and appreciated as well. It is also important to note, at this point that other actions such as offering job flexibility enhance motivation within organizations. Such actions include telecommunicating, flexible hours, and job sharing, enables employees to have more control over their work and responsibility for its organization. Job flexibility is considered an important benefit that makes employees more committed to the company they work for. Additionally companies have tried to make employees feel that there is connectivity between their personal and working life, by trying to add the element of fun in the workplace, making less strict rules and making work something more pleasant and personal. The Two-Factor Theory The two-factor theory was developed by Frederic Herzberg, who after interviewing large number of employees concluded that there are two factors that influence work motivation. The first set of factor is also called hygiene factors. Are the factors that make an employee not satisfied, but not dissatisfied with the working environment. They include work condition, payment and interpersonal relationships. When the hygiene factors are low then the employee is more likely to be dissatisfied. It is important to note that good hygiene factors only remove dissatisfaction, but do not provoke satisfaction. The second set of factors are called motivators. They are mainly focused on the higher level of needs, such as recognition, achievement, personal growth and responsibility. The absence of motivators causes, with good hygiene factors cause neutral feeling towards work. The conclusion of this theory is very interesting. It shows that dissatisfaction and satisfaction for ones work come from totally different factors. So managers need to correctly focus their efforts towards both factors in order to have not only, not dissatisfied employees, but also motivated ones that will increase their performance. Acquired Needs Theory According to David McClelland, some needs people acquire during their lifetime. These needs are not at the basis of Maslows pyramid of needs and people are not born with them, but rather learn to have them. More specifically these needs are: The need for Achievement. The need for Affiliation The need for Power Life experiences are responsible for the acquisition of such needs. After 20 years of study McClelland concluded that people with high needs for achievement are mainly entrepreneurs, while those with high need of affiliation make good coordinators and establish good working relationships. Those with high need of power are most probably the ones to choose paths that will lead them to managerial positions. PRocess theories on motivation Process theories of motivation seek to understand the complex relationship between the many variable that motivation consists of. Managers need to understand what initiates behavior, and how it is directed and sustained. There are two main process theories. The equity and the expectancy theory. Equity Theory The equity theory is the process theory that focuses on individuals perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others (Richard l Daft, 2006). J. Stacy Adams, who developed the theory, claims that people are motivated by seeking social equity. If people believe that they are compensated as much as others for a relative equal contribution, then they would feel that they are fairly treated. In order for people to measure equity they use a ration of inputs (that are effort, education, experience and ability) to outputs (that are recognition, payment, promotions and benefits). Equity is achieved when ones persons ration equals anothers persons ratio. Within a working environment that inequity is perceived there is tension and a strive to bring equity back. The methods most commonly used to correct inequity are: Change inputs. For example a person that is overpaid may increase effort while a personal that is underpaid may decrease it. Change outcomes. For example an employee or a union may request a raise or better working conditions in order to equal input with output, relatively to better paid employees. Distort perception In such cases, people artificially believe and make others believe that their job position is more important than it really is, or that someone elses benefits are not so important as they might sound. This brings a delusional balance. Leave the job. For example people that feel that there is no equity will seek another working environment that is more balanced. Expectancy Theory According to the expectancy theory, motivation depend on individuals expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards. It is concerned with the thinking process people use in order to be rewarded. Based on individual effort and performance it involves the following: Whether the effort that will be put into a task will result to the desired performance level. Whether the successful performance will bring the desired outcome. Whether the value of the outcome is highly valued by the employee as well. High expectancy and high valued outcome leads to high motivation, otherwise motivation level is low. So actually this model theory is not concerned with the needs people have and how they act as motivators. It focuses on they way employees think in order to achieve rewards. Since each employee is a personal with different personality, their goals may differ as well and seek to satisfy different needs. This personalization of needs brings implications for management. Since the goal of the management team is to help employees meet their own goals but at the same time meet the companys goals as well, managers need to make sure that personal abilities match the job demands and at the same time that each employee is given the time, equipment and support needed to reach the goals set. The Goal Setting Theory It has been observed that employees seem to be more motivated when specific targets are given to them to achieve. The goal needs to be specific, attainable and accepted by the employees. The last and one of the most important elements of his theory is feedback. Performance feedback is crucial in order to sustain desired work behavior, though motivation. According to Edwin Locke and Gary Latham, who came up with this theory, goal setting increases motivation because it helps employees target their energy and efforts towards one direction. Challenge is another strong motivator, when asked to achieve difficult goals, that drives employees into putting in more effort to reach their goal achievement. Reinforcement theories on motivation The reinforcement theory does not involve approaches according to the needs and ways of thinking of the employees. It is only based on the relationship between behavior and consequences. The law of affect is what rules over this theory. A behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated when a behavior that is punished tends to be corrected. So a positive reinforcement, is a pleasant rewarding for an employees working behavior and may consist of praise, promotion, more responsibility, work flexibility, social recognition. This tool of reinforcement theory shows that non financial incentives have proven to be as powerful as the financial ones. Another tool is negative reinforcement, that mainly indicates that a negative consequences will stop once the desired behavior is adopted. Punishment is another tool that suggests that an undesirable working behavior suffers consequences, however this tools fails to point out the desired or correct behavior, since it provide only negative input to the employee. The last reinforcement tool is extinction, that involves the withdrawal of positive rewards such as praises, pay raises. Reinforcement Schedules There are five basic types of reinforcement schedules, according to which the timing and frequency of reinforcement have the desired impact on employees. Continuous reinforcement is one method, suggesting that every time the desired behavior occurs it is reinforced. This strategy is especially effective in the early stages of learning desired working behaviors. Partial reinforcement suggests that positive reinforcement occurs only after the repeating the desired behavior several times. Motivational ideas No doubt, we are going through some turbulent times. Organizations seek ways to increase performance and by hiring new, young and highly ambitious employees, that are highly motivated to reach new, increased sales and productivity goals. They are positioned as managers of senior employees with precious experience and know how. So from the one hand we have highly motivated young managers and on the other we have low motivated senior employees. What happens to them is that the seconds lose interest in their job and rather pass their time, until retirement. The loss for the organization is greater than suspected, since the under productive employees, apart from their own productivity, influence the productivity of their entire group or team. Their behavior derives from the lack of motivation. The new, younger and inexperienced employees are put to positions above the seniors, receiving the same or even more payment. This a clear case of inequity, that influences the performance of the once strongest performers are constantly under performing even though they know they still have a lot to offer. A smart manager should try to keep feelings of equity in balance in order to keep the entire workforce motivated. Empowerment Empowering people to meet higher needs is a very good way by which management can provide motivation. In our case of the senior workers empowerment would mean power sharing, and even if new and younger employees were put in managerial positions, authority could be shared with senior employees. This way, the managerial job description would be a little altered, however senior employees would not be hostile towards the junior managers and would try to work together with them as a team. This is also a way for the senior employees to put themselves on the test and check if they could, within the current market conditions, lead their team to successful results. These employees already know the can do a good job and so empowerment at this stage only releases a motivation that already exists. Employee empowerment involve four elements that need to be given to employees in order for them to be able and accomplish their job. Information. Employees receive all information about company performance. Access to the companys financial and operational information gives the feeling of power and importance to the employee. Knowledge. Training programs are put together, made accessible to all employees, making sure that everyone has the knowledge required to contribute to organizational performance but also fulfill the need of personal growth. Power. Employees have the power to make substantive decisions, influencing organization performance, within self directed work teams. Reward. Employees are rewarded based on the companies performance. This kind of reward inspires more team work and acts as a very powerful motivator. Giving Meaning to Work Another way to motivate employees is to help them identify intrinsic rewards from their own work. For example in the case of the senior employees, let them give talk to seminars for new management trainees and to speak and lead sessions at conferences on district managers, helping them fulfill high level esteem and self actualization needs. Mentoring relationships could also be allowed to help towards the same direction. Another way to give meaning to the work for the senior employees could be to put them in groups that keep close communication and make them compete on actual results. Using the above techniques and actions will help senior employees feel respected, valued, important and empowered within the company, shooting their motivation and thus their performance to the sky. conclusion Now that we have closely seen what motivation is and how it is applied it is time to answer the question of how does motivation actually affect performance. Traditional and contemporary motivation theories as analyzed before suggest that there is a strong link between motivation and performance. What we actually need to do is to understand the nature of motivation. An individual employee may question the motivation theory, by simply asking Why should I perform harder?. Is there concrete evidence that motivation is linked to performance? In order to answer this question we need to look to this issue from another perspective. Since motivation and the factors involved in it, cannot be directly observed and it is only the final outcome that can be evaluated, let us observe what happens to performance in the lack of any motivation activity. Taking under consideration the content theories of motivation there are clear hygiene factors, such as working conditions, payment and safety, that if not fulfilled will lead to extremely low performance. Accordingly factors such inequity or rare reinforcement also show a very low performance level. However it is very hard to expect employee behavior to follow a certain pattern and also hard to suggest to what extend a yearly or semi yearly appraisal will ensure that desired working behavior is achieved on a daily basis. The role of the manager nowadays is not to control the workforce but more to establish the environment in which the workforce will learn, contribute and grow. Their role also includes channeling employee motivation toward the accomplishment of organizational goals, by making the best out of each employees unique skills, talents, interests and needs.