Student's Analysis on Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Essay

Student's Analysis on Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company - Essay Example Reconsidering the retail of Goodyear tires by Sears also meant that Goodyear has to review their distribution policy. Goodyear now faces several problems and a few dilemmas. Should we allow Sears to retail our products Should we only license them to market the Eagle brand Which brands, and how many should we allow Sears to carry Distribution through Sears would definitely increase the sales of passenger replacement tires of Goodyear. But what would the repercussions of this be on the company-owned and franchised Goodyear tire dealers How much loss would they incur The replacement tire market is responsible for 70 to 75 percent of tires sold every year. Passenger car tires are 75 percent of annual sales. The average mile driven per vehicle affects the principal demand for this market. Each 100 mile shift in the average number of miles traveled per vehicle there is a result of 1 million unit change in the sales of the replacement car tire market, and this is supposing that a tire has an average treadlife of 25,000 to 30,000 miles. Because of the longer treadlife of new tires, worldwide unit shipments have remarkably decreased. In 1987, a total of 204.8 million tires were sold. Of these, 151.9 were replacement tires. The following year (1988), a total of 209.4 tires were sold and 155.3 million of these were replacement. There was a decline of sales in 1989: only 205.1 million tires in total were sold and 153.8 million were replacement tires. It further declined in 1990 with only 199.5 million tires in total; of these were 152.3 million replacement cars. It did, however, increase the following year (1991) out of the 205.3 million tires sold, 155.4 million were replacement tires (Peterson and Kerin, 2007). Retail Tire Marketing Independent tire dealers normally carry brands of several major manufacturers and some discount-priced private label brands. This is to offer buyers a wide range of choices. It is usually more advantageous for manufacturers to have a broad product line to appeal to different customers with different vehicular requirements, and price affordabilities. Sears, for instance, usually carries manufacturer's brand tires and markets their own private-label tires. Most buyers buy from the retail store that they trust, and only a few really know about which tires are best. Most just follow the advice of the storeowners or salespersons that they usually do business with. For these reasons, Goodyear is considering the offer of Sears to retail their Eagle products. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company The principal activity of the company is to develop, manufacture, market, and distribute tires and rubber products. Goodyear has maintained the leading market-share in the U.S. replacement tire market. This is until Michelin acquired Goodrich Tire Company, the second largest U.S. tire manufacturer in late 1990. 83 percent of Goodyear's corporate sales were composed of tire and tire tubes in 1991. Along with this, the company also owns Kelly-Springfield Tire Company, Lee Tire and Rubber Company, and Delta Tire. And in addition, Goodyear also produces private-label tires. 20 to 25 percent of the world's tire manufacturing industry, and in the U.S. tire industry,

Obesity and health clubs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Obesity and health clubs - Essay Example The reason for this could have been due to the rise in membership fees, which account for 75% to 85% of health club earnings. An alternative cause could be that health clubs are spending less than before, which accounts for a decrease in company expenditure. According to a report by Mintel (2011), the health and fitness club market has 5.33 million users, and as previously mentioned, this figure is predicted to increase with the upcoming Olympics. Market Trends The health club market has had some positive turns due to increasing awareness of obesity problems, and negative turns due to the economic crisis. Obesity In the UK, the high rate of obesity is a very serious problem that requires action to be taken. The following statistics by Keynote (2011) are obesity predictions for 2050: 60% of men, 50% of women, and 25% of children. This is a very large percentage of the population. In 2010 (confirm year), the government created a scheme in England called ‘Change4Life,’ whic h aimed to change the lives of the population of England by altering diet and exercise habits. This public encouragement of exercise could have influenced the rise we now see in health club use. Public and Private Health Clubs However, due to the current economic crisis, it is becoming difficult for health club members to pay the annual fees. In addition, as people are looking to decrease spending, health clubs are likely to be considered unnecessary during hard times, despite member loyalty. With an increase in government spending on health and welfare, public health clubs have seen improvements and increases in available resources. However, this does not benefit private health clubs like Virgin, which rely on membership numbers to generate profit. Distribution Health clubs provide a service in exchange for payment of membership fees. Some clubs also charge a joining fee. Once fees are paid, members can utilise the facilities as they please within the timeframe they have purchased. Health clubs often have an additional system where consumers can pay less for access to fewer facilities. At health clubs, members can also purchase items like water bottles or food, and often health-related products such as protein shakes and powder. Virgin Active is a chain of health clubs with 194 locations throughout South Africa, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Australia, and the United Kingdom. As of April 2011, Virgin Active had 69 health clubs in the UK, with a total of 265,000 members; this averages at 3,841 members per club. The fee to join a Virgin Active health club ranges from a monthly fee of ?50 to ?90. Virgin Active’s Competitors According to Mintel (2011), the leading fitness and health clubs in the industry in 2011 were: David Lloyd with 450,000 adult members, Virgin Active with 419,000 adult members, Fitness First with 400,000 adult members, DW Sports Fitness with 250,000 adult members, LA Fitness with 215,000 adult members, Bannatyne Fitness 180,000 adult members , and Nuffield with 150,000 adult members. After Virgin Active’s purchase of the Esporta business, the company moved into second place;

Pecola Breedlove In The Bluest Eye English Literature Essay

Pecola Breedlove In The Bluest Eye English Literature Essay What could he do for her à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ever. What give her. What say to her. What could a burned-out black man say to the hunched back of his eleven-year-old daughter. If he looked into her face, he would see those haunted loving eyes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦How dare she love him? Hadnt she any sense at all? What was he supposed to do about that? Return it? How? What could his calloused hands produce to make her smile? (Morrison 127) In the above excerpt it seems nothing unusual that a father is musing on how best he could make his daughter feel loved, but what is most unusual is the outcome it yielded. In Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye it is this point in the novel that the protagonist Pecola Breedlove is raped by her father Cholly, a most unexpected thing to do and the events in her life take the worst turn. Considering this to be an incident where there is a reversal of action, this paper would focus on Pecola and the discovery or recognition that comes post the reversal as in Aristotles Poetics. According to Aristotles definition of tragedy and the tragic elements, the devices required to make an effective (complex) plot structure are peripeteia and anagnorisis, translated as reversal and recognition. F. L. Lucas paraphrases Aristotles illustration in the like manner: A peripeteia occurs when a course of action intended to produce result x, produces the reverse of x. Thus the messenger from Corinth tries to ch eer Oedipus and dispel his fear of marrying his mother; but by revealing who Oedipus really is, he produces exactly the opposite result. (111) The peripeteia that Aristotle talks of brings about the anagnorisis, the realization of the truth, the opening of the eyes, the sudden lightning-flash in the darknessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the flash may come after the catastrophe, serving only to reveal it and complete it, as when Oedipus discovers his guilt. (Lucas 114) Another translation of Aristotles work reads it as: a change from ignorance [agnoia] to knowledge [gnosin]. (Aristotle 54) Electras recognition of Orestes or Oedipus recognition that he himself is his fathers murderer is suggestive of the fact that this recognition revolves round the politics of identity which would include the struggle for recognition. In lieu of this, the paper takes into consideration Pecolas predicament as an eleven year old black girl whose sole wish is to have blue eyes and thereby her negotiation with the identification process. Pecola prayed each night, without fail (Morrison 35) for blue eyes. Morrison has stated that the reason for Pecolas desire for getting blue eyes must be at least partially traced to the failures of Pecolas own community: she wanted to have blue eyes and she wanted to be Shirley Temple à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ because of the society in which she lived and, very importantly, because of the black people who helped her want to be that.(Morrison 32) Pecola symbolically occupies the interstitial space that in other words: has no specified place, and she floats on the peripheries of the community she longs to enter like a wraith looking for its missing body. She is constantly outdoors, never able to integrate herself into the community, always left on the peripheries, literally moving from house to house searching for a fixed place of comfort and security. Pecola has become homeless because her drunken father has destroyed their home, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢and everybody, as a result, was outdoors. (Morrison 12) Morrison in the Foreword writes that she is specifically interested in the far more tragic and disabling consequences of accepting rejection as legitimate, as self-evident (Morrison à Ã¢â‚¬  ) It is necessary to point out here that in Aristotles illustrations of anagnorisis as in Electras recognition of Orestes, it is by means of footprints and a lock of hair which suggest that external features are necessary for identification, so are her eyes necessary for Pecola. But for Pecola blue eyes is something she does not possess, the symbol of the culmination of beauty as per the hegemonic culture and thus feels deprived and her existence splintered. The eyes symbolize her wholeness which is an impossibility just as the eyes themselves are and her inability to locate or position herself vis-à  -vis the normative discourse. Hence her mark of identification is not with a feature that is present but with the absent blue eyes. Barbara Christian points out that: The beauty searched for in the book is not just the possession of blue eyes, but the harmony that they symbolize. (24) But this harmony is what eludes her. Pecolas obsession with her eyes necessitates the presence of the leit motif of the mirror: Long hours she sat looking in the mirror, trying to discover the secret of her ugliness. (Morrison 34) The mirror and her quest for her identity lead us inevitably to Lacanian analysis. In the mirror stage, which is a forbidden realm for real image, we come into an image, which that world gives us, not a complete one, but fragmented, distorted image, which leads us to misrecognition(Bertons 161). Lacan believes identity which we acquire from the other is a form of fantasy and misrecognition. (Bertons 162) So, we become ourselves by way of others perspectives and others view of who we are. Kim describes it this way: Morrison explores the interplay of eyes as windows for gazes from the outside and for ones perception of the outside world (113-14). Lacan believes that the crucial point at which the child gives up the mother as love object and attaches to the father marks his exit from what he term s the imaginary and entrance into the symbolic order. In Pecolas case, Cholly Breedlove, her father, is unsuccessful in taking up the symbolic function, because he is deprived of phallic power by white culture, the ruling other in youth, and psychologically castrated, and his absence as the father figure ensures that Pecola continues her maintenance in pre-Oedipal moment, which results in lack of voice and hence the silence. Since Cholly couldnt take up the symbolic function in Pecolas post-mirror subjectivity, as a psychic subject, Pecola ultimately remains in the imaginary. Her failed attempt at gaining a unity or identifying with her father, after he rapes and abandons her, creates a void in her life. Indeed, the void in Pecolas psychic life can never be fulfilled in the domain of the symbolic. So, what Pecola does is to take the imaginary for the real. She keeps looking at her blue eyes in the mirror, and worries that her eyes are not the bluest. Pecola, as Claudia describes, lo oks like a winged but grounded bird, intent on the blue void it could not reach (Morrison 162). The moment of Chollys raping and abandoning her is crucial as Morrison writes of it in the Afterword: the silence at its center: the void that is Pecolas unbeing. (Morrison 171) F. L. Lucas opines that: the deepest tragedy occurs when their [the protagonist, here Pecola] destruction is the work of those that wish them well, or of their own unwitting hands. (112) Pecolas quest to establish the legitimacy of her identity is hindered by her father, resulting in her fragmentation, the metaphorical splintered mirror, a term which Morrison herself uses. Tragic recognition scenes are often moments of catastrophic loss as in Oedipus or that of Pecola. Contemporary theories and practices of recognition are grounded in more fundamental, ontological misrecognitions-that is, misrecognitions of the identity as well as of certain fundamental features of the social and political world and our place in it, says Stephen White.(10) Tragic anagnorisis would then involve not only in getting ones identity right, in a change from ignorance to knowledge, but also involves acknowledging often under the weight of failure, the limits to the possibility of doing so. An ontological discovery that is made by Pecola is that the one and only identity that she could have was by regressing into her childhood fantasy. In this she also acknowledges her powerlessness to contest or rather wrench her identity from the stifling, strangulating grip of the hegemonic culture codes. Morrison in the Afterword writes: She is not seen by herself until she hallucinates a s elf. (171) A critic writes that: Chollys deranged act of love was that terrifying, brutal blow which finally compelled her into madness. (Cormier 120) It is only the imaginary self, to whom Pecola converses, who actually recognizes her pair of blue eyes that the others envy. Shoshana Felman suggests as she writes that: Mental illness is a manifestation both of cultural impotence and political castration. This behaviour is itself part of female conditioning, ideologically inherent in the behavioural pattern and in the dependent and helpless role assigned to the woman as such. (119) Pecolas ontologically threatening encounter excluded her from the community in beauty and harmony and condemned her to psychic disintegration. Morrison tells the reader that It had occurred to Pecola some time ago that if her eyes, those eyes that held the pictures, and knew the sights-if those eyes of hers were different, that is to say, beautiful, she herself would be different hence her fervent desire for those blue eyes. (46) But Pecola by her subversive desire was both under and over (but really simply outside of) the sphere of cultures hegemony as Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar would say (27) and it is the sacrilegious fiendishness of what William Blake called the Female Will' (28) that ushers in her un-being. The manner in which Oedipus determinedly searched for the murderer of the King that led to his un-being, Pecola too struggles to pursue her identity. But insanity is what awaits her as it does to all those mysterious power[s]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦who refuse to stay in her[their] textually ordained place' (Gilbert 32) For a postmodern self as Pecola the possibility of and the desire for a unitary self is absurd. The inconsistent, heterogeneous being that constitutes a subject Pecola is revealed in the end when she converses with her other: Why didnt I know you before? You didnt need me before. Didnt need you? Just because I got blue eyes, bluer than theirs, theyre prejudiced. Thats right. They are bluer, arent they? Oh, yes. Much bluerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ What? What will we talk about? Why, your eyes. Oh, yes. My eyes. My blue eyes. Let me look again. See how pretty they are. Yes. They get prettier each time I look at them. They are the prettiest Ive ever seen. (154-59) Cormier-Hamilton states, For Pecola, beauty equals happiness, and it is difficult to fault a young girl for the misperception; certainly both white and black communities in her world seem to support the idea (115). It is this misperception that paradoxically leads her to her misrecognition. The void that her father created in her could not have been fulfilled but by her un-being, hence this is an anagnorisis as anagnorisis undone or to use Darko Suvins phrase cognitive estrangement.(22) Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar write: Either way, the images on the surface of the looking glass, into which the female artist peers in search of her self, warn her that she is or must be a Cypher, framed and framed up, indited and indicted. (36) It is this apparently calm surface of the normative that Pecola challenges and threatens from the margins to which she is relegated. Her discovery or recognition, anagnorisis in Aristotelian terms is that her psychological wholeness (Cormier 111) is in her slivered state, hence a peculiar case of anagnorisis undone. Word Count 1915

Woodrow Wilson vs the Senate Essay example -- essays papers

woodrow wilson vs the senate â€Å"The Only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing† They say time is a great teacher. How true. History has taught us that peace must be kept at all costs. At the end of World War 1, the common goal between the victorious nations throughout the world was to declare peace. The leading statesmen of these triumphant nations met in Paris to draw up the Treaty of Versailles, which would decide the fate of the central powers. Woodrow Wilson, the American President, created fourteen points as the basis for peace negotiations. Among these fourteen points was the most controversial and yet the most important to President Wilson, the League of Nations. President Wilson developed its charter and soon died from exhaustion after his own country, the United States, refused to ratify it in the senate. American policy had temporarily shifted from isolationism to internationalism because of the war, however the United States senate was not ready for the responsibilities of a world peacekeeper. Due to a republican majority, senators Henry Cabot Lodge, Alfred Beveridge, and other isolationist senators helped to sway the rest of congress to deny the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. These senators believed that by entangling themselves in an international organization they would create new alliances, which would commit them to go to war. Also, Lodge felt that the League of Nations would be able to control the United States military by limiting the number of armaments that a nation could have. Due to Article 10 and the limitations on armaments, which the senators objected, and the inability to compromise on the deadlock between the Pr esident’s beliefs and the Senators, led to the failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. These factors lead the senate to their decision, which left the world vulnerable for another war and the eventual demise of the League of Nations. The Fourteen Points were one of Wilson’s major accomplishments while he held office. Wilson introduced this theory on what he believed were successful measures in not only preventing Germany from beginning a war again, but to prevent all wars. After all World War One was the war to end all wars. These Fourteen Points included proposals such as freedom of the seas, general disarmament, the removal of international trade barriers, impartia... ...n and his political rival were stubborn and stayed in a deadlock. Therefore, the treaty failed to be ratified. Wilson died on February 3, 1924 and along with him died the United States involvement in the League of Nations and the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. Out of the Fourteen Points came Wilson’s most important achievement at Versailles, the creation of an international peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations. Woodrow Wilson did all that he could to gain the support of his people for the acceptance of the League of Nations in the Treaty of Versailles. He believed that the idea of collective security was the key to keeping world peace. Yet, Wilson was ahead of his time. America was not ready to switch from an isolationist state to an international peacekeeper. The American senate wanted to make changes to the treaty in order to secure their international stand on domestic issues. But Wilson was unwilling to compromise on securing peace for mankind, so Wilson gained nothing. The ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations would fail, however the idea still burned on, and the United Nations would be formed after the Second World War.

English Essay

What does Emerson think of people who call for consistency in thought and action and who fear being misunderstood? ? He believes being foolish is ridiculous and for little minds, and that you should speak your mind uninhibited, and that being misunderstood is not necessarily a bad thing. Many of history’s great minds were misunderstood. 5. Emerson makes many of his points through a series of figures of speech – comparisons between two things that are basically unlike. In â€Å"Self-Reliance† what does he compare with the ordinary things and events listed below. Be sure to respond in complete sentence format. Example: He compares cannon balls to words: â€Å"Else if you would be a man, speak what you think today in words as hard as cannon balls, and tomorrow speak what tomorrow thinks in hard words again, though it contradict every thing you said today. † A. planting corn- Planting corn is compared to basically reaping what you sow. No reward can come unless one puts in hard work, pain, and suffering in life, just like the work that goes into planting and harvesting corn. B. an iron string- An iron string is compared to trust in oneself. ? C. lay- Clay is compared to aspiring men who must let themselves be molded by the â€Å"Almighty effort†. * * â€Å"That government is best which governs not at all;†. Thoreau’s essay, inspired by a night in jail, was a bit biased against the government. Thoreau’s theory of how he believes a government should operate is simply not feasible- it is not reasonable to protest the operation of government policies by breaking the law, and then criticizing the government after spending a night in jail; the government is needed to stabilize a country, to provide order amidst chaos, and to ensure common welfare and health. The government has many functions in a country, and nothing could be accomplished without it- for example, a stabilized economy. Now, some people would argue that the government causes inflation and economic depression, but it is also the only thing that can stabilize it and bring it back into an upswing. By evidence of the Confederate states, before they became the United States, trying to be a united group but having separate small governments does not work. A government with even minimal power cannot collect taxes, enforce its laws, or protect its citizens. Chaos would then ensue. Chaos is also caused by lawlessness, which is in turned caused by a weak government. A wonderful example is the early United States. They attempted a Confederacy, a band of loosely tied states whose government had no real power. They states fought, the people fought against the states, it was mayhem – every man for himself. Laws were broken and justice was exacted in the form of revenge. There was no safety, no guarantees, no order. But with a strong government in place, society can function normally and live in relative peace. There is a system in place to protect, to lead, to help. Without it, all hell breaks loose. And hell is a place of misery and sickness, which is another thing that the government typically seeks to remedy. They may tax their people, but that money Thoreau refused to give up would be redistributed out to people in need. It goes to homeless shelters, veterans, old retired folks, a sick single mother, a young adult struggling to make it out of the ghetto. The government is there for the common good. It helps out the people, because the people elect its officials. There may be a handful who disagree, but the government is typically run by the majorities wishes, so that the majority of its people are at least satisfied, if not happy. A single person can be smart, but people as a collective group are stupid. They are like sheep- they require guidance and leadership in order to run like a well-oiled machine. Therefore the government must have power, and use it to govern. There will always be a andful of people like Thoreau who oppose the government, and argue for the underdog because they feel that the system has not worked in their favor, or even hindered them. But overall, a government is designed for the common good, and governments like the USA and many European countries are doing just that. But there is no point to a government that does not govern, for then it is worse than having none at all. The government is required to ensure the common good, health, and order is enforced and the majority of its people are safe and happy.

The Military in New Kingdom Egypt

‘Explain the role and importance of the military in New Kingdom Egypt. ’ In New Kingdom Egypt, the military became very important. The army evolved from being a disorganised band of conscripted peasants into a lethal, professional outfit well equipped and ready for combat. Egypt became the most expansionist it had even been in its history. The emergence of Egypt’s army started in the 18th Dynasty when Ahmose expelled the Hyksos from Egypt. Tuthmosis I and Tuthmosis III and also Ramses II and Ramses III further maintained Egypt’s military strength in campaigns ranging from Nubia to Syria. Prior to the New Kingdom in Egypt, the country’s military was an unprofessional group made up at different times of peasants, Nubian and Greek mercenaries and the King’s personal troops. In the New Kingdom, this changed dramatically. For the first time Egypt had a standing army, and being a soldier brought prestige and social standing as it had not done in the past. With the advances in the way the army was made up, there were also major advances in the equipment they used. For the first time body armour was used, as well as the sickle sword. During the 18th Dynasty in Egypt, Ahmose brought military to the fore of Egyptian life. He was the first king of the 18th Dynasty and probably ruled from 1539-1514 BC. Ahmose attacked Avaris and subsequently the Palestinian fortress of Sharuhen to end the Hyksos’ reign over Egypt. Ahmose then turned to Nubia and Egypt’s land grew south to the Second Cataract. After this Ahmose returned his attentions to Palestine and may have led campaigns as far as the Euphrates. Tuthmosis I followed soon after Ahmose’s reign and was highly trained in military practises. He only ruled for a short time – around 1493-1481 BC. However Tuthmosis I was a very effective general and in several campaigns, Tuthmosis I reached Argo, the Third Cataract, in Nubia and also the Euphrates River – while fighting the Syrians. He also defended Egypt’s colonies against the Mitanni people. Tuthmosis III was also very focussed on military. It is possible he spent most of his younger years in the military as his stepmother and regent, Hatshepsut, took over the rule of Egypt when Tuthmosis III was only very young. Tuthmosis III only took over the governance of Egypt when Hatshepsut finally died, leaving him free to take his rightful place. He ruled from around 1504-1450 BC, although for part of that time Hatshepsut may have been ruling. However once Tuthmosis III was king of Egypt, he led many successful military campaigns. He has even been referred to as the ‘Napoleon of Egypt’. In the battle for Megiddo, Tuthmosis III led his troops to fight through a narrow pass where soldiers could only march single file. When the army emerged from the canyon it was discovered that the enemy troops has arranged their lines expecting an attack from the two easier routes, and the Egyptians subsequently defeated their enemy in battle. In other wars, Tuthmosis III and his army marched from Thebes along the Syrian coast and captured three cities. Every year after that, Egypt’s armies would march against Syria until dominance over Palestine was established. Tuthmosis III recorded the capture of 350 cities at Karnak and he finally took the Syrian city Kadesh in his 42nd year of rule. The military continued to play a part in Egypt’s affairs during the New Kingdom with Ramses II. He was part of the 19th Dynasty and ruled from 1279-1213 BC. His most well known campaign was the Battle of Kadesh, although he brilliantly maintained Egypt’s borders against the Sherden (pirates) and created a defensive line of forts along Egypt’s north western border. Ramses II also made a peace treaty with the Hittites, which led to Egypt prospering greatly. Furthermore, Ramses II secured the kingdom of Amurru to return to Egyptian influence, as it had been lost during his father’s reign. However the Battle of Kadesh was his most famous, although was neither a victory but more of a loss for the Egyptians. Ramses II advanced on the Hittite army from the south, but was led to believe by captured enemy scouts that the Hittites were still far away to the north. Ramses set up camp only to find that the Hittites had already arrived for battle, and tried to hurry the rest of his army forward. However, 2 500 Hittites ambushed them as they tried to meet up with Ramses’ forces and were defeated. The Hittites then attacked Ramses and his troops. According to documentation, Ramses almost single handedly held off the Hittites. However it may be the case that the Hittites were simply distracted by the riches in the camp. Ramses was then saved by the appearance of the Ne’arin, another body of troops, which Ramses had separated in order to approach Kadesh from the north. The armies may have fought again the next day, but the end result of the conflict was the peace treaty between the Egyptians and the Hittites. This then prevented Egypt from ever taking control of Kadesh. Ramses III was the last great Pharaoh of Egypt and ruled in the 20th Dynasty from 1184-1153 BC. In Ramses III’s reign, the Libyans attacked in the south but were crushed by the Egyptian army. However Ramses and Egypt had a more powerful threat to deal with: the Sea People, who had destroyed the Hittite empire. The Sea People moved in to Egypt from Syria with the intention of settling. Luckily for Egypt Ramses was quick to send his army to fend off the Sea Peoples and the crisis was averted at least for a time. Next the Sea People approached from the sea, a cleaver move considering Egypt’s poor naval force. However again Egypt fended off this attack and saved itself once more. Ramses again proved himself an effective general while defending from another attack from the Libyans and Meshwesh which left 2 000 enemy soldiers dead on the battlefield. However once the New Kingdom collapsed Egypt lost most (if not all) of it’s colonies and was mostly ruled by foreigner. No one ever saw the likes of what occurred in the New Kingdom again. The military in New Kingdom Egypt was an organised and prestigious machine unlike anything that Egypt had seen before. Several Pharaohs stood out from the rest in terms of what they did for Egypt: Ahmose, who expelled that Hyksos; Tuthmosis I and Tuthmosis III who led campaigns in Nubia, Argo, Syria and Kadesh; Ramses II and Ramses III were both excellent generals who maintained Egypt’s borders and fought to maintain the existence of Egypt. During New Kingdom Egypt the military became more important than it had ever been in the last years of power of the world’s most fantastic nations.

buy custom Wal-Mart Merchandising Strategy essay

buy custom Wal-Mart Merchandising Strategy essay For a company to succeed both in the domestic and international markets, it has to embrace the right merchandising strategies. This is because of the fact that, in the current market situation, the approach of one size fits all cannot work due to increased competition between firms, higher costs of production, different marketing strategies among other factors (Lohman, 2012). Based on this fact, the strategies ought to vary significantly, depending on the category as well as the objective to be achieved by the company for its brand. Therefore, all the strategies must be carefully crafted in order to enable the firm to target certain goals like being able to invite new customers, raise foot traffic among other factors that will increase sales (Lohman, 2012). One of the companies which has perfected this art both in the local and international markets is Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is a multinational retail corporation based in the United States; it operates multiple chain stores and warehouses across the globe (Wal-Mart Corporate, 2014). Currently, the company has more than 11,000 stores which operate under 55 various banners. As of 2014, the company has been rated as the largest firm by revenue share as indicated by the Fortune Global 500 list (Wal-Mart Corporate, 2014). According to the case study, the firm has leveraged its success due to low products pices and efficient logistical and operation systems. In addition, the company has an effective system of information, which enables it to keep all inventories at a minimum level, thus being able to avoid the aspect of under or overstocking, which in most cases results to reduced profitability (Lyons, 2007). From the case study, it is evident that Wal-Mart has made notable success in expanding its retail shops in the international markets. There are various factors which made it possible for the firm to attain this level of international success. Its competitors, on the other hand, have significantly failed. First, as seen in Mexico in the 1990s, the firm has established a joint venture with the local retail shops. Since expansion to international markets is a rather capital-intensive affair, joint ventures between Wal-Mart and the local firms helped the former to reduce its operational costs, thus making it able to offer its products at lower prices compared to its competitors (Lyons, 2007). The other factor which has resulted to the success of Wal-Mart in the international markets is the ability to understand the culture of the local communities. For instance, in Mexico, the firm learnt that, unlike in the US, the majority of its customers did not have cars, thus they used to buy products in small quantities. The company also tends to hire local managers and othher employees, a factor which enables the firm to understand the local market better (Lyons, 2007). In order to change the shopping habits, the company has been able to educate the locals on the need to embrace the United States merchandising culture; Wal-Mart has already conducted similar practice in Mexico and China. From a thorough analysis of the case study, it is clear that in order to ensure the success of Wal-Mart in international ventures, the firm has to motivate its work force through unionizing its employees as witnessed in 2006 in China. This ensures higher productivity both in the short- and long-term projects. In addition, the firm needs to understand the culture of the local population before engaging in any international venture. For instance, the managements inability of the firm to understand the fact that consumers in South Korea and Germany are attracted by high quality merchandise rather than discounted products made the firm pull out of these two countries in 2006 (Lyons, 2007). In conclusion, it is evident that Wal-Mart could translate its merchandizing strategy wholesale to another country and succeed due to the managements previous experiences. However, the companys leadership should thoroughly study the country it wants to expand its business to, since every market is unique and requires the firm to modify its approach and strategies. Buy custom Wal-Mart Merchandising Strategy essay

Strictly Ballroom - effective scenes essays

Strictly Ballroom - effective scenes essays Discuss the way in which at least two episodes, sections or events contributed effectively to Strictly Ballroom Strictly Ballroom directed by Baz Luhrman is the Story of Scott Hastings and is quest between conforming and individuality. The film is set in suburban Australia, in the harsh and competitive world of ballroom dancing. Scott Hastings is one of Australias best ballroom dancers who is targeted for a number of championships, until he gives up the Dance federations steps in favour of his own. To give up on his dream at the time he is most likely to win is a huge decision. Scott must conquer his fear of failure and ridicule as well as possible rejection. Two scenes in Strictly Ballroom were particularly effective and added to my overall opinion and understanding of the film. The opening scene in Strictly Ballroom was very effective, as it introduced the world of ballroom dancing and the over the top atmosphere in which the film would take place. The scene grabbed your attention and left you wondering weather anybody could every escape this tight knit circle of conformity. The scene opens with the couples dancing to the traditional Blue Dabube Walt this is a classical and very famous piece of music by Johann Strauss, it is light and rhythmic and from the very beginning Luhrman has established the known world of ballroom dancing. The costumes are traditional, sparkly and colourful and we see the supposed elegant side of ballroom dancing. I felt this scene was effective as it juxtaposed so greatly with the other scenes where Scott began to dance with Fran and eventually had the courage to dance his own steps. Our opinion on the very delicate and pretty world quickly changes as we hear Shirley shrill voice yelling out come on 100 this quickly alerts us to the fact that behind the glitter and face smiles, ballroom dan ...

How To Use the Spanish Preposition Hacia

How To Use the Spanish Preposition Hacia Hacia is a Spanish preposition typically meaning toward. It is usually used to indicate motion toward a person or object, although it can also be used to indicate a favorable attitude toward a person or object. Hacia is pronounced something like OSS-yah. It should not be confused with hacà ­a, a conjugated form of the verb hacer. Using Hacia To Indicate Motion Toward Here are examples of using hacia when referring to motion toward a person or thing. Although toward is the most common translation, other prepositions sometimes work as well. Los jovenes andaron hacia la direccià ³n del lago. (The youths walked in the direction of the lake.)Corrià ³ hacia el coche para tratar de sacar a su amigo, vivo y conciente. (He ran at the car in order to try to remove his friend, who was alive and conscious.)Girar hacia la izquierda y seguir hacia el oeste cinco millas. (Turn toward the left and keep on going toward the west for five miles.)Mi hermana empezà ³ a gatear hacia nuestro padre. (My sister began to crawl toward our father.) Hacia can be used with abajo, adelante, arriba, and atrs, respectively, to mean downward, forward, upward, and backward. Similarly, it can be used with points of the compass and other words to act as the equivalent of the English suffix -ward. Mover el cursor hacia adelante al final de la là ­nea. (Move the cursor forward to the end of the line.)La anaforia es la tendencia de los ojos a moverse hacia arriba cuando estn en reposo. (Anaphoria is the tendency for the eyes to move upward when they are at rest.)Los vientos ms fuertes del planeta avanzan hacia el este a una velocidad de 1.600 kilà ³metros por hora. (The planets strongest winds blow eastward at a speed of 1,600 kilometers per hour.) ¿Quà © pasarà ­a si un satà ©lite se dirigiera a toda velocidad hacia la Tierra? (What would happen if a satellite were directed earthward at full speed?) The motion can be figurative as well as literal: Viajamos hacia la libertad econà ³mica. (We are journeying toward economic liberty.)El mundo camina dormido hacia un desastre climtico. (The world is sleepwalking its way toward a climate disaster.)Con un ritmo enà ©rgico, â€Å"Un paso hacia la paz† es una cancià ³n llena de optimismo y esperanza. (With an energetic rhythm, â€Å"A Step Toward Peace† is a song full of optimism and hope.) Using Hacia for Direction Without Motion Use of hacia doesnt always indicate motion. It is used often with mirar and other verbs to indicate the direction someone is looking, either literally or figuratively. And it can also be used to indicate the existence of someone or something in a certain direction. Natalia mirà ³ hacia Mateo con un gesto de frustracià ³n. (Natalia looked toward Mateo with a look of frustration on her face.)La organizacià ³n mira hacia el futuro tras un aà ±o de cambio. (The organization is looking toward the future after a year of change.)Desde Atenas y hacia el norte hay trenes regulares diarios a muchas ciudades. (From Athens and toward the north there are regular daily trains to many cities.)En el camino hacia la escuela hay ruido y mucho trnsito. (On the road toward the school there is much noise and traffic.) Using Hacia for Expressing Attitudes Hacia can be used in expressing emotions or attitudes toward a person or thing: Tiene sentimientos ms profundos hacia ella, (He has very deep feelings for her.)El sondeo revelà ³ una disminucià ³n de la simpatà ­a popular hacia el corte. (The poll showed a loss of popular sympathy for the court.)Ms pruebas apuntan hacia los rebeldes. (More evidence is pointing to the rebels.)Es importante desarrollar actitudes positivas hacia la diversidad. (It is important to develop positive attitudes about diversity.) Using Hacia in Time Expressions Finally, hacia is sometimes used to express approximations of time: Llega en helicà ³ptero hacia las cinco de la maà ±ana para traer provisiones. (He arrives by helicopter at about 5 a.m. to bring provisions.)Fue construido hacia 1970. (It was built around 1970.)El tren llega hacia las 10 de la maà ±ana a Cajic. (The train arrives around 10 a.m. at Cajic.) Key Takeaways The Spanish preposition hacia is usually the equivalent of toward when it is used to indicate a direction of motion or attention.Hacia can also be used as the equivalent of the suffix -ward when used to indicate direction.Hacia is also used in referring to attitudes toward or about something.

Learning Through Volunteer Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Learning Through Volunteer Work - Essay Example From missing the morning bus and learning to be punctual to dealing with people and learning how to be cold and warm in different situations, everything gives people something to learn from. People usually post their efforts into learning something new in order to achieve a certain goal. For example, learning a new language might help a person in improving his skills and thus open up new horizons for him with regard to choosing a career option. Through this paper, I have attempted to underline the various goals that I have been able to achieve by very significant learning experiences that I have incurred during the course of my lifetime, and how the same has helped me in growing as an individual into a better person with more sensitivity towards society. A person can never stop learning something even when he consciously makes an effort not to. This is because even in such a situation, it is evident that he will understand something that will definitely help him later in life and thu s, nothing is wasted. All time spent, even idly, teaches a man how to spend his time more responsibly so as to not regret the future. Every learning experience provides the individual to learn and achieve some goal or the other. For the purpose of listing down the learning experiences that I have had, I have also talked about the various goals aimed to achieve because they provide incentives to doing something, and have explained subsequently what these goal areas mean to me and how I have been able to achieve them with the learning experiences that I have had the opportunity to have. The first goal area focused on is engaged citizenship. Engaged citizenship refers to when as a member of society, one immerses him into work in order to be in touch with other members as well as provide them with the help that they need. For example, being a shop owner and interacting with people on a daily basis engage one engaged with other citizens in terms of his professional life. Helping out thos e in need like charities and orphanages also provides for engaged citizenship because it allows individuals to be engaged with others and help each other out by understanding the problems that others have. The second goal area is personal growth – this is simple to understand as every learning experience helps an individual to grow and develop from within. From spending time with older people at old age homes and teaching young children to read and write, personal growth within an individual will always be achieved as one understands the art of patience and even learns from others in the process. The third goal is self-directed learning as it involves learning by being a part of an experience. This goal assists an individual to put himself headfirst into a situation and think on his feet while trying to find a solution for the problem that he is in. In essence, it assists him to grow better while teaching himself rather than learning something from an external source. The fou rth goal area being focused on is one’s career and education – learning experiences account for some of the best opportunities that a person has to improve himself and his life and these opportunities mold a person in such a manner that he can also apply the experiences that he has had to his professional

Reaction paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Reaction - Research Paper Example In the case of Hose, media had an active role, knocking down individual voices of concern, and spreading words contradictory to the reality, igniting hatred in the public minds. I was taken aback by the fact that though the wife of the killed revealed in investigation that Hose committed the murder in self-protection and that there was no rape, no one including the media or government gave attention to the same. I feel that the main reason for this extreme aggression and shameless activities is the self-interest of the media to offer the Whites with the kind of news they loved to hear about the Blacks. As the chapter reveals, so many Blacks met their end almost in the same way. To sum up, I would like to say that government, media, and religion are the only forces powerful enough to make mass movements. Once they are prejudiced, the whole society remains prejudiced. Once this happens, moral values and rational thinking disappear from the minds of even the so-called educated and civilized

Use atleast 2 primary sources and analyze those sources that are Essay

Use atleast 2 primary sources and analyze those sources that are historical events in American history after 1900 - Essay Example When the First World War was declared in 1914, America adopted a policy of isolation and neutrality because many Americans could not believe Europe was ready to descend into greater depths in war, as depicted by the trench warfare adopted in the course of the war (Zieger 63). Even though small groups in America like American-French and American Germans supported the country’s involvement in the war, the majority of Americans favored Woodrow Wilson’s approach to remain neutral, as he needed to listen to public opinion in order to guarantee re-election in 2016 (Zieger 4). As a result, Wilson took control of foreign policy issues because the causes of war extended beyond race, as seen in the world war. America’ neutrality was based on a premise that a European war would not interfere with American interests, as trade continued unabated, but threatening America’s interest after Germany sank the Lusitania prompted America to join the war in 1917. The French, British, Germans, and Austro-Hungarians who led their nations to war after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand made many errors, but their worst miscalculation was neglect of the American factor, especially in case of a prolonged war (Zieger 104). America keenly followed rapidly unfolding events in the international arena and seized the opportunity to influence the war transformed international arena positively in its favor by declaring war on Germany in 1917 after the sinking of Lusitania. America exploited its neutrality not only to facilitate trade in the international arena in the event of war, but also to strategize to take the glory of the war and challenge Western hegemony, and the Zimmerman note provided an opportunity for America to prepare for full-scale war in 1918 (Zieger 160). The Zimmerman letter was a telegram sent by Arthur Zimmermann, German

Misogynistic portrayals of women in Othello Essay

Misogynistic portrayals of women in Othello - Essay Example In Shakespeares celebrated play Othello we find three women who play vital role. Towards the end of the play we find that only one woman survives. All the three women are deprived of an identity in the play. We find that all the three women are either married or maintaining relationship with a male. During the time when the play was written, women exercised no power in the society. The Venetian society maintained a hierarchy in which men possessed all powers and women were considered inferior to men. In Othello we find Bianca, Emilia, and Desdemona being in relation with the male characters Cassio, Iago and Othello. In those days women were considered as creatures with no intellectual power. However we find that the women characters of the play speak sense throughout the play. Women characters are also found trusting other characters. All the women characters of the play represent a specific social level. Desdemona represents the highest social level and Bianca represents the lowest social level. Each sexual relationship initiates some feeling of jealousy between the couple. Bianca is not frequently found in the play like other characters. However, her presence is crucial in the matter of death of Desdemona and other crucial matters. Iago considers her as a prostitute. Even though she fell in love with Cassio, we never find Cassio acknowledging her affection because of his desire for status. He knew that her social standing would highly influence this matter. She is found to be extremely jealous in this relationship. We find Iago using Bianca’s name to trigger the entire confusion in the play. This finally led to the tragedy end of the play. Regarding Emilia we find that she never questions Iago when she gives handkerchief to him. This shows the women’s ability to trust. However she is also found to be ignorant of the whole story till the end of the play. Her life comes to a sudden end, in the hands of her husband. She

Humman Genome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Humman Genome - Essay Example One of the larger societal issues raised by prenatal genetic testing is its limitations. Although the process makes it possible for one to assess genetic risk and diagnosis, there are tests that fail to show possible genetic mutations. Many of these tests require the families involved to make difficult decisions, something that might be all for nothing if the tests do not have predictive value (Hodge 68). The ethical issue here is the uncertainty related to these tests, some of which are not reliable enough to produce the required results. Another ethical concern is that some of the screening tests may provide false negative or false positive results (de Jong, DonDorp and Die-Smulders 276). This means that an expectant mother who receives the wrong results may not seek for proper medical assistance if it is needed. However, if there is credible reason for conducting prenatal testing, then parents should be allowed to test for disease susceptibility genes. In some families, there could be conditions that are genetic, and this is one of the reasons why parents should conduct prenatal testing (Hodge 68). If there is no medical history of genetic conditions in the family, or if there is no danger of the baby being born with defects, then there is no need to subject one to lengthy prenatal genetic testing. Too much of this testing could cause unwanted stress to the mother, and may affect the well being of the baby. Basic prenatal checkups are enough to ensure that both the mother and the unborn child are safe. Several insurance companies have attempted to control the pricing of their premiums based on their customers’ genetic information. This has presented a huge problem for people seeking insurance cover but may have genetic problems which they found out through genetic testing. Many people who have undergone one form of genetic

How Christ and His followers influenced organizations and people of Research Paper

How Christ and His followers influenced organizations and people of their day - Research Paper Example Why have they been able to impact organizations and societies at large to the degree that they have in modern terms? The answer to these questions lies in the fact that Christ was much more than a typical man of the cloth. While many preachers and prophets of his time spent their time speaking in negative terms, Christ’s approach was one of offering rather than damnation. Prior to Christ’s rise in the Holy Land, God was viewed as a much harsher force. The evidence for this can easily be found within the pages of the Old Testament. The Old Testament tells the tale of a God that is vengeful and angrier. The God of the Old Testament was responsible for what can only be described as the end of civilization with the events of Noah’s Ark. Additionally; the God of the Old Testament tortured individuals merely so that they could prove their loyalty (see Gob). Many more examples could be referenced in which the God of the Old Testament is portrayed as vindictive, cruel or harsh. It was this God that the early Jews were introduced to by the religious teachers of their time. It was this God that was referenced in their holy books and religious texts. It was not until Jesus Christ and his followers began their mission did a kinder, more thoughtful and more careful God emerge. Christ’s God did not only appear to be kinder, thus more appealing naturally, but he was also willing to barter. The God that Christ preached of had much to offer and his terms were simple. In exchange for worship and obedience, he would grant eternal salvation. To the ordinary man or woman, eternal salvation was an appealing offer. In addition to being kind and caring, Christ’s God offered humanity a structure and a formula for success. To abide by the rather straight forward and simplistic teachings of his son, Jesus Christ, would mean a pleasant eternity. Christ’s God introduced laws and rules that clearly separated right from wrong.

Humman Genome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Humman Genome - Essay Example One of the larger societal issues raised by prenatal genetic testing is its limitations. Although the process makes it possible for one to assess genetic risk and diagnosis, there are tests that fail to show possible genetic mutations. Many of these tests require the families involved to make difficult decisions, something that might be all for nothing if the tests do not have predictive value (Hodge 68). The ethical issue here is the uncertainty related to these tests, some of which are not reliable enough to produce the required results. Another ethical concern is that some of the screening tests may provide false negative or false positive results (de Jong, DonDorp and Die-Smulders 276). This means that an expectant mother who receives the wrong results may not seek for proper medical assistance if it is needed. However, if there is credible reason for conducting prenatal testing, then parents should be allowed to test for disease susceptibility genes. In some families, there could be conditions that are genetic, and this is one of the reasons why parents should conduct prenatal testing (Hodge 68). If there is no medical history of genetic conditions in the family, or if there is no danger of the baby being born with defects, then there is no need to subject one to lengthy prenatal genetic testing. Too much of this testing could cause unwanted stress to the mother, and may affect the well being of the baby. Basic prenatal checkups are enough to ensure that both the mother and the unborn child are safe. Several insurance companies have attempted to control the pricing of their premiums based on their customers’ genetic information. This has presented a huge problem for people seeking insurance cover but may have genetic problems which they found out through genetic testing. Many people who have undergone one form of genetic

Public Relations Essay Example for Free

Public Relations Essay The corporate scandals of 2002 has affected business organization’s climate that company’s reputation becomes paramount to its success if not its survival. The impact of this corporate greed has wide implications that hit average Americans in the form of unemployment, and exhausted retirement savings. During this time of organizational crises, corporate credibility is at an all time low and public doubts have spread over into investment market. This situation made it necessary to restore public confidence and trust that public relations professional can adequately provide. Public relations therefore play an important role in restoring public and confidence and trust in corporate world. Keywords: Crises, scandal, greed, credibility, doubts, market, confidence Synonyms, related terms: Crises– dilemma; related terms:   problems, Corporate scandal – Business organization’s disgrace; related terms: Company issues, negative organizational comment Corporate greed – business organization’s greediness for profit; related terms: Corruption, fraudulent, bribery Corporate credibility – business organization’s integrity, related terms:   Honesty, credibility, reliability, and uprightness Public doubts – public suspicions; related terms: fears, uncertainties, worries Investment market – Potential business, related terms: business enterprise, business venture Public confidence – public trust; related terms: patronage, loyalty Search statements: Three statements that will be the basis of this research are as follow: 1. Public Relations are a position in a company that does make over to enhanced company refutation. 2. Public Relations help companies gain positive corporate image 3. Public relations is a set of management, supervisory, and technical function The question above gives a particular significance on Public Relations particularly when a certain business organization, or when somebody in a high place wanted to have some make over of his reputation. Public relation is all about relating or communicating to the public a relationship that is largely mediated by the press. According to an article published by the University of Texas in Austin entitled Career Opportunities in Public Relations Public Relations as an agency, communicates the message to the press rather than directly to the particular target. The objective of PR according to the article is to use the Media in order to create a very powerful message or to be able to project a good image in the eyes of the public (Communication Career Service). Public relations work in the corporations, among individual and other organizations with messages to communicate. However, David W. Guth author (95) of Organizational Crises Experience and Public Relations Roles cited Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. center, and Glen M. Groom four –pronged model of public relations roles: the expert- prescriber (or the definer of problems and implementor of solutions), the communication facilitator (or the mediator concerned with maintaining two-way communications),   the communication technician (or the non-manager concerned with preparation of communications), and the problem-solving process facilitator (or the Collaborator with other managers in defining and solving problems (Guth, F. 1995, p.4) Based on the above models of Public Relations, it is no wonder that Public relations play an important role in crises management. The expert prescriber or the definers of problems and the implementers of solution are the very public relations model that addressed management crises in business organization. Guth also cited a similar model developed by James Grunig and Todd T. Hunt that reinforce public relations a function of the organization and its environment. The four models of public relations served to either to make over of one’s image, or to enhance company refutation. 2. Public relations help companies gained positive corporate image. The University of Texas in Austin article pointed out that, an â€Å"in-house† public relation’s department is responsible with the corporate image and identity. The PR facilitates everything about the company relations and dealings particularly with the media and other stakeholders of the company. The PR department arranges every thing, from product marketing communication, sending out press releases to the media, and cultivating congenial relationships. Hugh M. Culbertson and Ni Chen explain (1996) that public relations are â€Å"a bit of everything which promotes and helps a smooth functioning of the organization† (p. 183). Culbertson and Chen emphasized those public relations connections to marketing have identified PR to help build product identification with the company. Thus, Culbertson and Chen cited that most senior executives and practitioner identified public relations as, â€Å"an effort, to build and maintain the positive image of the organization† (p. 184). Public relations practitioners in today’s changing and confrontational era are expected to plan for, and manage corporate crises. Public relations have evolved from being a mere message carrier to accommodating, listening to public, assessing their needs, demands and expectations, and resolving conflict between groups. 3. Public Relations are a set of management, supervisory and technical function. The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) cited in their paper a popular publication that offered explanation that Public Relations is a management function that assess public attitudes, categorizes the policies and procedures of an individual or organization with the public interest, and plans, and implement a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance. It is quite apparent that the scope of Public Relations encompassed the whole of a business organization from trouble shooting of the management crises to product identification with the company, down to building positive image of the company. The PRSA noted that today, public relations profession are being sought after not just for roles in developing improved relationship with multi cultural communities, but also for skills and public relation function that affects all sections of society. The PRSA article aptly stated that the functions of Public Relations today take many forms in various organizations, including titles such as public information, public affairs, investor relations, corporate communications, marketing communications, corporate affairs, marketing or product publicity, and consumer service or customer relations (Miller, D. Ford, R.., 2003, p. 2). According to Miller and Ford, seasoned public relations practitioners often carry the title of vice presidents with salaries from $75, 000 to $200,000. Because public relations practitioners are engaged in multiple functions, they tend to be well paid. The salary survey 2003 reveals that the average beginning salary in public relations for a newly hired with baccalaureate degree is between $35, 324- 36,667. The task that a public relations practitioner includes analyzing, issues, problems, and opportunities, defining goals and so forth which can be compared to managerial, supervisory, and technical functions. Over all, Public Relations are important components not only of business organizations but also of rich and famous who wanted to project their better side before the public eye. The Public Relations is the troubleshooter during when there is crises management, and the endorser of new products in order for it to be identified with the marketing company.   Public Relations role in the business society benefits not only corporate owners and those that have the need to polish their image before the public but the practitioners as public relations is fast becoming an industry of its own although currently there is misunderstanding between the difference of the role of marketing and public relations. Erica Austin and Bruce Pinkleton (2006) noted that public relations strive hard to help organizations develop and preserve the variety and relationship that ensure the long-term success.

Parrallel Universe Theory

Parrallel Universe Theory Today, astronomers can see out to a distance of approximately 42 billion light-years, our cosmic visual horizon, and we have no reason to believe that the universe ends there (Physics for Dummies, 2011). There exists the possibility that there are an infinite number of domains beyond our own. The majority of cosmologists today agree with the concept of a multiverse where the same laws of physics apply in all domains, but some dare to take the notion even further. Some physicians believe in the existence of infinite parallel universes with different laws of physics, alternate histories and other dimensions than ours (Science Universe, 2012). With this essay, I aim to pursue the parallel universe theory in order to determine its validity outside the realm of science-fiction. I will explore the justifications for it as well as the criticisms against it by consulting the theories of various cosmologists and quantum physicians. The ultimate reason for this pursuit is to determine whether or not the theory of parallel universes can be considered as an indisputable scientific fact or should rather remain in the world of fiction. Before proceeding, I need to state the limitations and scope of this paper and clearly disclose the structure in which the subject matter will be discussed. Firstly, I will define a parallel universe and provide some background information on the subject, as will be applicable to the essays content. Secondly, I will identify the theories that support the idea of parallel universes and organise them according to a cosmological or quantum physics perspective. Thirdly, I will identify the theories that criticise the idea of parallel universes and again organise them according to a cosmological or quantum physics perspective. Lastly, after analyzing both schools of thought, I will conclude my findings and determine if parallel universes are indeed fact or fiction. Part 1: Parallel Universes: Definition and Background To understand the concept of a parallel universe, one must first define the umbrella term it falls under, namely a multiverse. The multiverse theory claims that our universe is not the only one of its kind and that there exists many universes parallel to one another (The Theory of Parallel Universes, 2011). The universes that exist within this multiverse are called parallel universes. These multiple universes consist of everything and anything that can exist in matter, time, energy and space (The Theory of Parallel Universes, 2011). Other terms that are used to refer to parallel universes include quantum universes, alternative universes, alternative realities or parallel worlds. The following paragraphs will give an overview of some scientific theories on parallel universes in order to give an understanding of the argument and the logic that supports the notion. We will first look at the argument as approached from a cosmological perspective. According to Ellis (2011), if the universe and the possible histories that take place within it are infinite and the number of types of DNA-based beings are finite, then this infinite universe will contain an infinite amount of copies of these finite DNA-based beings. He goes on to say that, given this argument, some of these living beings will inevitably follow very similar lines of history (Ellis, 2011). In lay terms, when given the prospect of an infinite amount of histories combined with finite types of living beings, these histories will repeat to infinitum. However, Soler Gil and Alfonseca (2013) do not agree that if there are an infinite amount of possible histories, that these histories will necessarily be repeated in parallel universes. They state that given this scenario, the amount of histories will always be greater than the number of living beings, therefore if these beings are infinitely repeated they will still experience different histories (Soler Gil and Alfonseca, 2 013). Given this brief background overview, it is evident that the scientific community is still heavily divided on the notion of the existence of parallel universes. We will now continue by evaluating more detailed descriptions of theories that promote and refute the existence of parallel universes. For the purpose of this paper, we will only draw from the fields of cosmology and quantum physics. Part 2: Theories that promote the Existence of Parallel Universes Quantum physics is the science that attempts to explain phenomena which cannot be explained by the regular laws of science and physics. The parallel universe theory was first formulated in 1956 by Hugh Everett. Everett formulated this theory in an attempt to substantiate his belief that every probable outcome of any decision we make, does actually happen. He claimed that even though we may choose option A in this universe, we will choose option B in a parallel universe (Everett, 1956). Everetts theory is relatively new to the history of physics but it has already become a popular and controversial topic in the scientific community. This proposal was coined the Many-Worlds Interpretation. It essentially states that any object can be in any state at any time in a different parallel universe (Everett, 1956). This implies that the wavefunction of a state of being does not collapse at the moment of observation (like we observe in the Double-Slit Experiment later in the paper), but rather continues to evolve in a deterministic manner while simultaneously embracing all its possibilities (Everett, 1956). Everett (1956) notes that even though every possible outcome does exist simultaneously, they do not interfere with one another due to the fact that we are unable to observe these alternate realities. The Cosmological Perspective Max Tegmark, a well known modern cosmologist, states that if space is indeed infinite and inhabited by a finite number of living beings, then there is bound to be some identical occurrences that take place in different universes (Tegmark, 1997). Tegmark goes on to make use of a mathematical equation to calculate the probable distance of our nearest doppelgà ¤nger at any given time. His answer being approximately 1010115 meters. This theory coincides with a fundamental conjecture of cosmology, namely that the universe exists beyond the scope of our observation. Tegmark formulated a categorisation that recognizes four different levels of the multiverse where each level builds on the previous one. Tegmark (1997) refers to the first level as the level Beyond our Cosmological Horizon. This refers to an infinite universe that contains Hubble volumes that concern themselves with realising all primary conditions. Tegmark (1997) states that an infinite universe will necessarily contain an infinite amount of Hubble volumes that are subjected to the same physical laws. Given this precedent, there are bound to be Hubble volumes that have identical configurations to ours in some universes. This statement is rooted in the cosmological principle that states that we do not possess a unique Hubble volume. The second level concerns Universes with Different Physical Constants (Tegmark, 1997). He coins these universes as bubble universes and claims that our universe is just one of many bubble universes in existence. Tegmark (1997) then builds on the cosmic inflation theory in order to justify his argument that although the multiverse is infinitely stretching, there are some regions that cease to stretch. Once they become stationery, they form bubbles that may possess differing physical constants. The third level is an expression of the Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Tegmark, 1997). One feature of quantum mechanics is that there is no observation that can be predicted with absolute certainty, but there is rather a range of probable observations. By applying this feature to the many-worlds interpretation, one can deduce that each probable observation should be compatible with a different universe. Tegmark (1997) explains that the difference between level one and level three is that in level one our doppelgà ¤ngers reside in a three-dimensional space whereas in level three they reside in an infinite-dimensional space. The fourth level is referred to as the Ultimate Ensemble or the Mathematical Universe Hypothesis (Tegmark, 1997). He claims that due to mathematics abstract nature, one can use a mathematical structure to prove just about any Theory of Everything (Tegmark, 1997). Given this statement, one can describe any imaginable parallel universe at level four and include all other ensembles by simply using mathematics. By doing so, one will bring an end to the multiverse hierarchy and eliminate any probability of the existence of a fifth level. Even though Tegmark does utilise some characteristics of quantum mechanics to promote the existence of parallel universes, he is fundamentally a cosmologist. There is, however, another physician that uses the field of quantum physics more extensively in this pursuit. In the next section we will evaluate Brian Greenes argument for the existence of parallel universes from a quantum physics perspective. The Quantum Physics Perspective Before discussing Greenes application of quantum physics to promote the existence of parallel universes, we first need to recognize three observations about quantum physics. Firstly, energy has the ability to travel through space without having the need to cover the superseding distance (Physics for Dummies, 2011). This means that energy and quantum particles possess the ability to exist in more than one place at a time. This observation is clearly fundamental for the substantiation of the parallel universe theory from a quantum physics perspective. Secondly, all quantum particles exist in different places at any given time, even though we are unable to see them (Physics for Dummies, 2011). Given this observation, there is a possibility that doppelgà ¤ngers may exist in different locations. Thirdly, quantum particles are influenced by the practice of observation when we observe them (Physics for Dummies, 2011), which plays an important role later in the paper when we discuss the Dou ble-Slit Experiment. Greene attempts to comprehend the origin of multiverses by utilising string theory. String theory speculates that the universe can be described in terms of small strings that vibrate in ten or eleven different dimensions that we are unable to see (Greene, 2011). Greene (2011) claims that string theory not only includes strings but also objects that resemble two-dimensional membranes. He goes on to suggest that we may be living on one of these two-dimensional surfaces and that other surfaces may be floating around us in space. This claim is currently without any emprirical evidence, but Green (2011) says that this can be tested in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. If Greenes hypothesis is correct, then when particles are slammed together in the LHC, debris can be emitted off of our membrane surface and into the greater cosmos where our membrane is floating. This loss of debris will take away some amount of energy in our universe. We can then measure the amount of energy and com pare it to the amount that was present before the collision. If there is found to be less energy afterwards, it would indicate that some energy had been launched into the greater cosmos (Greene, 2011). This particular outcome of the experiment will prove that Greenes hypothesis is correct. However, until this experiment at CERN takes place and is found to be successful, Greenes hypothesis remains pure speculation. Part 3: Theories that refute the Existence of Parallel Universes The Cosmological Perspective Cosmologist, Paul Davies, is a firm believer that notions of parallel universes belong in the realm of scientific philosophy and not in physics. Even though all cosmologists accept the existence of other regions that we are not able to observe, most of them do not deduce the existence of infinite universes from this precedent. Davies addresses the topic in his New York Times opinion piece by saying that physicists should not believe a theory based on faith, but rather insist on hard scientific facts supported by empirical evidence: The multiverse theory may be dressed up in scientific language, but in essence it requires a leap of faith (Davies, 2007). George Ellis is another cosmologist who shares the same sentiment as Davies towards the parallel universe theory. Ellis (2011) points out that the basic problem with the multiverse proposal is the existence of a cosmic visual horizon, as we will never be able to observe these universes even if they did exist. He also rejects the application of string theory, as attempted by Greene (2011), in order to substantiate the plausibility of the parallel universe theory. Ellis (2011) states that string theory is not yet a complete theory that has been tested or proven. He admits, however, that if string theory is ever proven correct then there will be a legitimate argument for the existence of a multiverse. Ellis (2011) concludes that multiverse proposals are merely scientifically based philosophical speculation and cannot even qualify as a well-defined scientific theory. He states that before the multiverse proposal can be considered to be a scientific theory, it needs to be coherent and not just a patchwork of different ideas (Ellis, 2011). The Quantum Physics Perspective The most common criticism of the parallel universe theory is the lack of scientific facts derived from empirical evidence collected by means of observation and experiments. It has proven difficult to acquire scientific proof for the existence of alternate realities for many reasons, one of these reasons being that by observing reality, we are also altering it. This fascinating notion is demonstrated by the famous Double-Slit Experiment (Live Science, 2012). Essentially, this experiment proves that energy and matter display characteristics of particles and waves, indicating the fundamental probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics. In a basic Double-Slit Experiment, we observe the light of a laser beam aimed towards a thin plate pierced with two parallel slits. The wave-like nature of the light results in the light waves interfering with each other while passing through the two slits. When observed from behind the plate, one sees bright and dark bands being created, which is unexpecte d if one were to assume that light only consisted of particles. Instead of acting like particles, the light becomes absorbed on the screen as if it consisted of photons or discrete particles (Live Science, 2012). The mysterious result of this experiment lead to the detection of the inherent probabilistic nature of individual photons. When Deutsche (2001) conducted his version of the Double-Slit Experiment, he took the findings even further. He states that when we perceive a photon passing through one slit, a parallel universe might perceive a photon passing through another slit. According to Deutsche (2001), our universe is the reality of the tangible particles that we observe whereas the reality of the shadow particles is actually a parallel universe. However, there are very strong arguments against Deutschs interpretation of the findings of the Double-Slit Experiment. It is impossible to confirm Deutschs claim that the photon goes through one of the slits and not both because an interference pattern emerges when we try to measure this (Sturman, 2011). Even though the standard way of approaching quantum mechanics does not provide a satisfactory explanation of the Double-Slit Experiment in terms of a single universe, it does not give precedent to an unverified theory of a multiverse that might explain it better. After observing that when a photon passes through the first slit, it interferes with a photon that might have passed through the second slit, Deutsch deduces that a photon must have passed through the second slit in a parallel universe (Sturman, 2011). This, however, is unsatisfactory due to the fact that Deutsch has not proven that the photon passes through one of the two slits even though it could have passed through the other slit. There is still a distinct possibility that the photon is passing through both slits at the same time in our universe (Sturman, 2011). What I think Deutsche has forgotten in his pursuit to desperately prove the existence of parallel universes, is that the role of physics is to describe what we experience in our world. When we consider the notion of doppelgà ¤ngers in different universes which we cannot observe, we are stretching the field of physics to be greater than our experiential reality. In my opinion, this cannot be considered science, but rather speculation. Conclusion After analyzing both schools of thought on the existence of parallel universes, I remain firmly unconvinced by this theory. The unverified cosmological arguments made by Tegmark (1997) and the futile attempts of Greene (2011) and Deutschs (2001) quantum physics approach did not succeed in convincing me that parallel universes exist. Even though I approached this concept with an open mind, one must still require empirical evidence before confirming any theory to be remotely factual. Given the evidence, I can confidently conclude that the case for the existence of parallel universes remains unproven for now. However, I have found the contemplation of a multiverse extremely enticing as a way to reflect on the nature of our existence. There is no doubt that the concept belongs in the realm of philosophy for now, but the lack of scientific proof does not leave it entirely worthless. We should rather embrace what multiverse proposals truly are scientifically based philosophical speculatio n (Ellis, 2011). By doing this we can bring newfound legitimacy to the subject. Instead of trying to force it into the field of natural sciences, where it clearly does not belong, we should welcome it in the field of social science. I think that by doing this, we will enable the concept of parallel universes to be explored to its full potential without the boundaries set by the scientific method.

Essay --

Cyber Warriors: The future of warfare can be found at a military complex outside of Washington D.C., in a 358$ million office building that houses some of the worlds most powerful computers. This is the headquarters of Cyber Command, a new arm of the pentagon that wages combat not with missiles or bombs but with electronic signals that plant viruses, steal data and seize control of faraway hardrives. Run by a four-star general and soon to have a staff of thousands, Cyber Command is the nerve center that controls America’s battles against the hackers, terrorists and hostile governments who are already prying into sensitive U.S. systems. It will also be the launching pad for controversial new plans that use computers as offensive weapons against America’s Global Enemies. The U.S. has been furiously working to develop a wide range of new cyber strategies. And it is why Cyber Command, which opened its doors only in 2010, is booming at a time when almost every part of the military is suffering through deep budget cuts. President Obama’s last funding request sought a nearly 20% incr...

Inclusion in the Classroom Essay -- essays papers Education Special Ne

Inclusion in the Classroom Inclusion can be defined as the act of being present at regular education classes with the support and services needed to successfully achieve educational goals. Inclusion in the scholastic environment benefits both the disabled student and the non-disabled student in obtaining better life skills. By including all students as much as possible in general or regular education classes all students can learn to work cooperatively, learn to work with different kinds of people, and learn how to help people in tasks. â€Å"As Stainback, Stainback, East, and Sapon-Shevin (1994) have noted, ‘...the goal of inclusion in schools is to create a world in which all people are knowledgeable about and supportive of all other people,’† (Whitworth, 1999) Of the many benefits aspects for children placed in inclusion classrooms, there is none more important than the academic benefits. One way that students benefit is by learning skills of independence. Special needs students learn to depend on themselves first and then ask for help when they really need it. In the inclusive setting there won’t be as much of an opportunity for teachers or aids to assist all of the students. All children are taught through new and sometimes improved methods when put into an inclusion classroom. Teachers , through training, will learn different methods of teaching concepts that may make it easier for students to understand. Difficult concepts in math, such as volume, may be taught in a new and easy to understand way. In a study conducted by Johns Hopkins University (Success For All) it was determined that in an inclusion setting â€Å"assessments showed improved reading performance for all students, the most dramatic improvements o... ...d students gain better life skills and a better understanding of others. Reference List: Walker, K. E., & Ovington, J. A. (1998, September 6). Inclusion and its effects on students. Electric Journal for Inclusive Education, Vol. 1 Ed. 2. Retrieved October 31, 2002, from http://www.cehs.wright. edu/~prenick/JournalArchives/Winter-1999/inclusion.html Whitworth, J. W. (1998). A model for inclusive teacher preparation. Electric Journal for Inclusive Education, Vol. 1 Ed. 2. Retrieved October 31, 2002, from http://www.cehs.wright.edu/~prenick/ JounalArchives/Winter-1999/whitworth.html Stout, Katie S.(2001, November 5). Special education inclusion. Wisconsin Education Association Council.Retrieved November 28, 2002, from http://www.weac.org/resource/june96/speced.htm Special education in the regular classroom.(1969). New York, NY: The John Day Company, Inc. Inclusion in the Classroom Essay -- essays papers Education Special Ne Inclusion in the Classroom Inclusion can be defined as the act of being present at regular education classes with the support and services needed to successfully achieve educational goals. Inclusion in the scholastic environment benefits both the disabled student and the non-disabled student in obtaining better life skills. By including all students as much as possible in general or regular education classes all students can learn to work cooperatively, learn to work with different kinds of people, and learn how to help people in tasks. â€Å"As Stainback, Stainback, East, and Sapon-Shevin (1994) have noted, ‘...the goal of inclusion in schools is to create a world in which all people are knowledgeable about and supportive of all other people,’† (Whitworth, 1999) Of the many benefits aspects for children placed in inclusion classrooms, there is none more important than the academic benefits. One way that students benefit is by learning skills of independence. Special needs students learn to depend on themselves first and then ask for help when they really need it. In the inclusive setting there won’t be as much of an opportunity for teachers or aids to assist all of the students. All children are taught through new and sometimes improved methods when put into an inclusion classroom. Teachers , through training, will learn different methods of teaching concepts that may make it easier for students to understand. Difficult concepts in math, such as volume, may be taught in a new and easy to understand way. In a study conducted by Johns Hopkins University (Success For All) it was determined that in an inclusion setting â€Å"assessments showed improved reading performance for all students, the most dramatic improvements o... ...d students gain better life skills and a better understanding of others. Reference List: Walker, K. E., & Ovington, J. A. (1998, September 6). Inclusion and its effects on students. Electric Journal for Inclusive Education, Vol. 1 Ed. 2. Retrieved October 31, 2002, from http://www.cehs.wright. edu/~prenick/JournalArchives/Winter-1999/inclusion.html Whitworth, J. W. (1998). A model for inclusive teacher preparation. Electric Journal for Inclusive Education, Vol. 1 Ed. 2. Retrieved October 31, 2002, from http://www.cehs.wright.edu/~prenick/ JounalArchives/Winter-1999/whitworth.html Stout, Katie S.(2001, November 5). Special education inclusion. Wisconsin Education Association Council.Retrieved November 28, 2002, from http://www.weac.org/resource/june96/speced.htm Special education in the regular classroom.(1969). New York, NY: The John Day Company, Inc.

Ambulatory Care Essay

Ambulatory health care has definitely been a type of health care that has benefited a lot of Americans since it became of existence. There are several health care clinics available in every city that helps the people on a daily basis. Its not as costly as the ER and you can receive just about the same kind of service as if your were going to the Hospital just in a faster time in some cases. There is a need to sometimes get further assistance, meaning that the particular outpatient service was not able to assist the patient fully and needs some additional help in diagnosing the problem. A visit to the doctors office provides someone with a sense of calmness to be able to have a one on one relationship with their private doctor, as opposed to going to the a large place like the hospital to see a doctor, any doctor at that. When I think of Ambulatory care I think of a one and done type of scenario, in some cases. The patient is able to see the doctor get a diagnosis and prescription at one time, without the need of visiting several doctors. In most cases, now there are times when the patient would need to visit different specialists for their care. With the upbringing of ambulatory care systems, there is a less need for someone to have to be in the ER waiting for hours unless it is a real emergency and the regular office is closed.

Filipino Youth Subjective Well Being

Running Head: Youth Subjective Well-Being Filipino Youth Students Subjective Well-Being Scale Kathlyn Rose Gabriel Maria Sophie Gatab Kimberly Lagumen Kristin Navalta Abstract The researchers of the present study constructed a scale that is designed to measure the perceived subjective well-being of the Filipino youth, and how they are affected by the three factors namely: life satisfaction, negative affect and positive affect. The items were constructed based on the information gathered by the researchers from journals and other sources.The researchers constructed a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale which consists of 59 items and was administered to 200 Filipino youth participants. The data analysis revealed a Cronbach’s alpha of . 895 Filipino Youth Subjective well-being Scale The Filipino youth have their own way of satisfying their lives and how they will be contented and happy with it. The most commonly used question probing life satisfaction is: â€Å"how satisfi ed are you with your life as a whole at present? † Some are uncertain with regards to their overall happiness, while some are certain that they are indeed happy and satisfied with their life.In this study, the researchers constructed a 5-point Likert Scale that is designed to measure an individual’s perceived level of well-being. The researcher’s objective to determine which factor gives stronger influence on the subjective well-being of the Filipino youth. Does it follow that Filipino youth with parents are happier than those without? Can the researchers conclude that youth who chose to have no social networks, company, or friends, are lonelier than those with web-like affiliations? These are some of the queries that this research aimed to investigate on. Conceptual Framework vh Figure 1. Filipino Youth Subjective Well-Being Framework Subjective well-being is defined as the individual’s current evaluation of her happiness. Such an evaluation is often expr essed in affective terms; when asked about subjective well-being, participants will often say, â€Å"I feel good† (Schwartz & Strack, 1999). Measuring people’s life happiness has one that makes life interesting especially when they know that they are satisfied with what they feel. In the present study, the researchers came up with three sub-factors namely life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect.They aimed to use these three factors to measure a person’s perceived subjective well-being. Also, they were able to know how these factors put an effect on the Filipino youth. Affect describes the emotions and feelings of a person based on his or her present life. Life satisfaction is how an individual judges his or her overall satisfaction in life (Hoorn, 2007). Life satisfaction is the measure of an individual's perceived level of well-being and happiness. It is frequently assessed in surveys, by asking individuals how satisfied they are with their own l ives.Positive and negative affect are both states and traits that have been shown to relate to personalities such as happiness and anxiety. Review of Related Literature Subjective well-being Subjective well-being (SWB) is the scientific name for how people evaluate their lives in terms of a global judgment (such as satisfaction with one's life and experience of more frequent pleasant emotions as compared to unpleasant emotions (Diener et al. , 1999). SBW is the self-evaluation of life satisfaction (Robbins & Kliewe, 2000, as cited in Vera et al. , 2008) and its cognitive evaluation is measured through judgments of life satisfaction.Meanwhile, affective components are measured by assessing the frequency of the occurrence of pleasant and unpleasant emotions. Life Satisfaction This article looks into the situation of people with spinal cord injury during acute rehabilitation and 3 months after discharge. The participants were assessed on how they can scale their life satisfaction durin g rehabilitation. The hypothesis of this study is that greater benefit finding, hope, and positive affect will be related to greater life satisfaction both during the initial acute rehabilitation period as well as 3 months post discharge.It was stated that spinal cord injury (SCI) can result to life changes. Decreased rates of returning to work (Schonherr, Groothoff, Mulder, & Eisma, 2005), poorer life satisfaction, decreased life participation, decreased independence, decreased community integration (Charlifue & Gerhart, 2004), and increased psychological distress have all been found to occur in this population. There were eighty-seven adults who were participating in in-patient; acute rehabilitation for spinal cord injury in two metropolitan hospitals completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale.The results revealed initial support for facilitators playing an important role in life satisfaction, which facilitators contribute uniquely at 3-month follow up. In summary, the results pro vide support for a predictive relationship between facilitator variable, life satisfactions for individuals with acute SCI. These findings suggest that facilitators potentially play a strong role in the rehabilitation patient’s subjective well being and provide potential avenues for interventions that could be proactively applied to facilitate positive outcomes.According to the article about science of happiness, people have their different opinion on how they live their life but most people are not contended on it. According to the Subjective- well being (SWB), defines as an indicator of people’s happiness on how they rated their life as worth- living and on how people funding on to achieve satisfaction in their lives. Another idea of what constitutes a good life, however, is that it is desirable for people themselves to think that they are living good lives (Diener, 2000).Our study concerns college students on how they rated their subjective well-being, since one of the sources of people’s subjective well-being is based on their self-fulfillment. Based on the article it was said that presents means from an international college sample of 7,204 respondents signified how students view happiness. These people asked the experimenter on how they often think about SWB and how important their SWB is for them. The results revealed that scores of the participants has a greater effect when it comes to rating their happiness.It was also revealed that it has a significant effect when it comes to their life satisfaction. The result revealed that people still wants to satisfy their lives and that they are busy finding their own happiness in life, and their basic and material needs come second to finding their own happiness. They give importance to their fulfillments, dreams and happiness. Diener and Fujita (1995) mentioned that people measure their subjected well-being (SWB) based on their physical attributes, their capability to make friends, gain em ployment, and have romantic relationships and to generally feel empowered.A person with money should not only be better able to meet his or her basic physical needs but also should be able to develop his or her talents, have more choices in terms of recreation. The co variation of resources such as money, family support, social skills, and intelligence with subjective well-being (SWB) was assessed in 222 college students (110 men and 112 women) in Midwestern University. The resources found in SWB are material, social, or personal characteristics that a person possesses that he or she can use to make progress toward her or his personal goals.Resources can be external possessions (e. g. , money), social roles (e. g. , being a chairperson), and personal characteristics (e. g. , intelligence). The experimenters used a Life Scale, and a number of interesting findings emerged from this study. First, SWB, as measured by different methods, formed strongly convergent factors. Second, family and friends rated the target participants as above average on every single resource. Third, there are certain resources that are prominently depicted in the media as being very important to happiness (e. g. money, physical attractiveness, and material possessions). They theorized that those assets are related to SWB insofar as they help individuals attain states they desire. To the extent that people differ in their desires and the resources they use to attain those desires, the effects of particular assets on SWB will differ from person to person. Happiness is a common goal toward which people strive, but for many it remains frustratingly out of reach (Buss, 2000). It was said that the best things in life are free but it was not stated how we can get them.Gaining happiness is hard to attain, and eagerness to gain happiness can frustrate people. In this article it was stated how people desire to feel happy. These include the desire to be successful, to have a good life, to have frie nds who never let them down and to gain such confidence to overcome life. When a people gain these desires, it can make them feel complete and satisfied. We as researchers conclude that fulfilling one’s desire can make a person satisfied and happy. Affect Positive affectNumerous studies show that happy individuals are successful across multiple life domains, including marriage, friendship, income, work performance, and health because of positive emotions (Diener, King, & Lyubomirsky, 2005). The researchers suggested that happiness is linked to success not only because success breeds happiness, but also because positive affect causes success (Diener, 2005). This study implies that success of happy people rests on 2 factors; one is that because happy people frequently experience positive emotions (positive affect), which makes them more likely to strive towards new goals while experiencing those emotions.Second is that people possesses skills and resources, which they have deve loped in the past while experiencing positive emotions. This study implies that positive affect is a factor for a person’s subjective well-being (happiness) which leads to the success of the person. In a study of Myers (2000), predictors of subjective well-being are revealed, which all involves positive emotions. Ed Diener (as cited in Myers, 2000) measured the subjective well-being of over 1. 1 million people over 45 nations through administering a survey.Results revealed that people who reported that they are happy seemed to look happy to their family members and close friends. The result of their daily mood ratings revealed positive emotions as well. Depressed people reported to have negative emotions and that they are less healthy, physically and emotionally, than those who reported to be happy. Overall, this article shows that emotions affect how people perceive themselves (and how they are perceived by others) in terms of their subjective well-being.Caprara and Stecaâ⠂¬â„¢s (2005) study suggests that there are two main components of subjective well-being; first, an individual’s evaluation of life satisfaction according to subjectively determined standards, and second, the predominance of positive affect over negative affect (Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999, as cited in Caprara & Steca, 2005). Caprara (2005) suggested that life satisfaction, self-esteem and optimism are components of subjective well-being, and all together these three shares a common dimension called â€Å"positive thinking†.However, positive thinking is more stable overtime and holds stronger relations with a variety of other indicators of well-being when compared to life satisfaction, self-esteem, and optimism (Caprara & Steca, 2004, as cited in Caprara & Steca 2005). In the work of Bradburn (as cited in Caprara & Steca, 2005), the dominance of positive emotional experiences over negative ones was stated as a core dimension of subjective well-being. Later studie s led to the suggestion that positive and negative affect are independent dimensions.As they are experienced in different life situations, the distinction between positive and negative affect are ought to be affective components of subjective well-being (Diener, 2000; Diener & Emmons, 1984; Diener, Smith, & Fujita, 1995; Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999; Zevon & Tellegen, 1982, as cited in Diener & Steca, 2005) Positive emotions signify that life is going well, the person’s goals are being met, and resources are adequate (Clore, Wyer, Dienes, Gasper, & Isbell, 2001).The characteristics related to positive affect include confidence, optimism, and self-efficacy; likability and positive view of others; sociability, activity, and energetic. Positive emotions produce the tendency to approach rather than to avoid and to prepare the individual to seek out and undertake new goals. In this journal research evidence supports the notion that it is the amount of time that people experie nce positive affect that defines happiness. They also identify happy individuals as those who experience high average levels of positive affect.In summary, their review of the cross-sectional empirical literature suggests that happiness is positively correlated. Their examination of the cross-sectional correlational literature thus far suggests that high subjective well-being is related to positive outcomes in many areas of life, which is brought by positive affect. Negative Affect In the article â€Å"Happiness and Stereotypic Thinking in Social Judgment†, the role of happiness and stereotyping in students' perceptions and judgments and how either negative or positive emotions affect someone’s judgments are examined.The article hypothesized that if people felt happy, the tendency would be that the judgment would be positive, and when a person’s mood is angry or sad the reaction would be negative. It was also stated that negative affect is the fuel for the fire of prejudice and stereotyping (Bodenhausen, Kramer ; Susser, 1994, as cited in O’Brien, 2008). In this study, the participants were 94 undergraduate students (21 men and 73 women). At first the experimenter explained about recalling their happy memories to set their mood and after that they were asked to read a case.After that, they were asked to respond prior to reading it. The results yielded that person who have negative mood response into the case more stereotypic comparable to the happy subjects in the present experiments. These findings collectively suggest that previous views about the connections between affect and stereotyping have been proven. We, as the researchers conclude that if people have negative feelings (sadness, anger or depression) the tendency is that they may respond to an object or situation negatively contrasting to the person who has positive affect.People who have a feeling that they’re losing living their life or life is pretty hard for them feel negative emotions such as anxiety, sadness, anger, depression, or guilt etc. These affects made them feel that they’re not living their life worthy and contended. This article entitled â€Å"Origins and Functions of Positive and Negative Affect: A Control-Process View† differentiated both affect as either positive or negative. But we the researchers would like to focus more on the negative affect. It was said that, when situations are unfavorable, people have negative feelings—anxiety, dysphoria, or despair (Carver ; Scheier, 1990).That people who are in bad mood tend to view life negatively and being in a bad mood makes people see things negatively as well. Method Item Selection and Construction In constructing the Filipino Youth Subjective Well-Being Scale, the researchers had come up with two dimensions: life satisfaction and affect (positive, negative). Each sub factor consist 20 questions. The researchers gathered data from supporting journals on cons tructing each item. After constructing the items, the researchers had it evaluated by a professional.After the evaluation, the researchers constructed the items into a questionnaire. Data gathering The researchers administered the test online to 100 participants and a hard copy of the test to another 100 participants, totaling to 200 participants with a mean age of 19. 12. The participants came from different schools such as Miriam College, St. Paul University, University of the East, T. I. P, La Consolacion College, Far Eastern University, San Beda College, Centro Escolar University, ISCHAM, Polytechnic University of the Philippines and University of the Philippines.Data Analysis The researchers came up with the decision that some of the items would be revised because other statistical reliability analyses of these items are still acceptable. Table. 1 Retained Items Items QuestionCorrected Item-Total CorrelationCronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted 1. I love spending time with my family . 457. 892 4. I enjoy being with my friends. 390. 893 6. I spend my time in doing things that really interest me .377 .893 7. I have a good grades at school. 292. 894 8. I am very passionate in everything I do. 392. 893 9. I do the things that I enjoy everyday. 46. 892 10. At the end of the day I am satisfied with what I have done . 495 .891 11. I am happy in my life right now. 494. 891 14. I always get what I want in my life to satisfy my need/s . 255 .894 15. I have accomplished more in my life, than other people . 208 .894 18. My life has a meaning. 420. 892 20. Life is full of adventure. 438. 892 21. I feel loved by my family and friends. 596. 891 22. I feel that all my friends cares for me . 496. 892 23. My family and friends are afraid of losing me. 519. 891 24. I am satisfied with the activities that I do .553 .891 25.I feel energetic. 417. 892 26. I enjoy my physical education class. 129. 896 27. I am happy with my daily routine. 499. 891 28. I am in good spirit. 507. 891 29 . I am hardly ever angry. 182. 895 30. I feel satisfied. 573. 891 31. I am proud when I accomplish something. 450. 892 32. I can deal with my problems. 497. 892 33. I feel so inspired. 497. 891 34. I am so alive. 618. 890 35. I accept myself for who I am. 535. 891 36. I am a strong person. 459. 892 37. I accept all criticism with respect. 416. 892 38. I am willing to grow and learn from my mistakes. 449. 892 39.My friends always compliment that I am a cheerful person . 354 .893 40. I am able to keep my calm in complicated situations .327 .893 41. I enjoy doing risky things. 075. 896 Table. 2 Reversed Items Item QuestionCorrected Item-Total CorrelationCronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted 12. I find myself lonely sometimes .267 .894 16. I am not happy with my disposition in my life. 402. 892 43. I keep distance from others .260 .894 48. I’ve been in trouble with the school policies .252 .894 56. I have tried to hurt or kill myself .318 .893 58. I am not interested in having close friends .367 .893 44.When I am stressed, I get paranoid or â€Å"just black out† . 225 .895 47. My friends complain that I do not keep my commitments .225 .895 50. I often wonder who I really am .364 .893 51. Others consider me as moody or hot tempered .320 .893 54. I get into a lot of physical fights .332 .893 42. Some people are jealous of me. 080. 896 52. I find it difficult to start something if I have to do it by myself. 283. 894 53. Others will use what I tell them against me. 344. 893 59. I never forget or forgive those who do me wrong .145 .896 60. When alone, I feel helpless and unable to care for my self . 295 894 19. I feel anxious about the future without knowing why. 115. 896 45. I avoid working with others who criticize me. 138. 896 46. I can’t make decisions without the advice or reassurance of others . 227 .894 49. I make friends with other people only when I am sure that they like me .101 .896 55.I fear losing the support of my friends if I disag ree with them . 143 .896 57. I use my looks to get the attention that I need. 125. 896 2. No one listens to me. 458. 892 13. Sometimes, I feel like a failure. 442. 892 3. I do not live with my own family. 226. 894 17. I used to enjoy life, now I don’t. 54. 890 The items seen in Table 2 were reversed because of the inconsistency of the statistical results. The items were consistent to be scoring low in the item analysis that it might not be measuring the characteristics of Subjective Well-Being. The examiners considered to keep the items reversed as reliable, because it measures what it intends to measure. Table. 3 Dropped Item 5. My friends influence the way I see life .028 .895 The item seen in Table. 3 is dropped item, because the Corrected Item-Total Correlation scored low from the limit that was considered to be acceptable.Even if the item was revised the score of this item is still low. The examiners believed that if the item above is still included in the final items it will affect the reliability of the scale. The item was consistent to be scoring low in the item analysis that it might not be measuring the characteristics of a well-being of a person. Discussion The table below shows the reliability statistics of the scale when item 5 was deleted.Having a result of (~. 90 above) made the instrument good and can be an ideal instrument for a longitudinal study. The finding indicates that Subjective Well-Being scale measures what it intends to measure even though there are many factors to be considered. Moreover, the researchers established that the scores of SWB scale were on the right track to be as sensitive as it can be to measure a scale of Subjective Well-Being. An item was deleted to make the Cronbach’s Aplha increase. Now, having 59 items in the scale, with the previous item deleted, the Cronbach’s Alpha was increased to . 95 which is an indication of a higher reliability as shown in Figure 2.